Tartuffe By Moliere Essays - Operas, Tartuffe, Le Tartuffe

Hypocrite By Moliere In Moliere's satire Tartuffe, we are acquainted with the group of Orgon. Orgon is a well off man with an excellent girl named Mariane. Valere is a man in love with Mariane however the wolf in sheep's clothing Tartuffe disrupts the general flow through control. All through the play Orgon is completely committed and prevailed upon by Hypocrite who adds to the satire, all things considered, All through, Tartuffe keeps on being clearly disgusting but Orgon keeps on confiding in him with his generally valuable assets. Additionally clever is the way that Mariane and Valere are infatuated however this keeps on being thwarted by Tartuffe's insatiability and Orgon's ineptitude. In the end, Orgon at last finds that Tartuffe is an extortion however not before he signs all he claims over to him. The comic gadgets in this story are obvious all through. To start with, a considerable lot of the scenes in the play are entertaining just in the storyline. In scene four Orgon has a discussion with Dorine about the day's occasions, Dorine tells Orgon of the considerable number of hardships of the day. With every depiction, Orgon gets some information about Tartuffe, who is entirely fine and celebrated with every terrible event. Orgon appears to simply disregard all the terrible news furthermore, just be worried about Tartuffe's prosperity. This scene turns out to be considerably more silly with Dorine catching up with an announcement about disclosing to Orgon's significant other about his ?sharp concern.? This mockery adds to the parody. The play truly gets amusing in scene one of the subsequent demonstration. It is here that Orgon really asks his little girl, Mariane to wed Tartuffe. Mariane thinks her dad is joking and even Dorine feels it must be a trick. Dorine even children that Mariane ?has the right to be tartuffified.? Dorine anyway bound and determined against Tartuffe, keeps on attempting to get Mariane along with Valere against the desires of Orgon. The satire proceeds as we are surrendered a nearby and individual perspective on Fraud. In scene two of act three, Tartuffe addresses Dorine. He really believes that Dorine is pulled in to him as he truly shows his pomposity. It is crazy when Dorine states that ? in the event that I saw you exposed as a mammoth, Not all your cover up would temp me at all.? Be that as it may, in the following scene, Tartuffe changes his tune and pulls the fleece over the eyes of Orgon's significant other. He acts truly worried about her wellbeing and prosperity. At that point he pronounces love for Elmire. Unimaginably, he persuades her through honeyed words not to tell Orgon. The parody lies in Tartuffe's capacity to trick everybody. Anyway Elmire isn't as without any problem tricked as Orgon and his mom Madame Pernelle. The scenes keep on being entertaining as in scene six of act three where Orgon's child Damis, affronts Tartuffe what's more, is tossed out of his own home. The ineptitude of Orgon to confide in Tartuffe over his own family in staggering. Moliere makes the giggling a stride further by having Orgon venture to such an extreme as to give all his cash up to Tartuffe. He says ? Helpless individual! Come, we'll go draw up the deed. At that point let them burst with baffled insatiability.? Orgon keeps on being a bonehead until act four, scene seven where he at long last understands the insatiability of Tartuffe and requests that he leave. He is stunned to hear, ?No, I am the ace, and you're the one to go! This house has a place with me, I'll have you know.? Orgon has been cheated and it is interesting to perceive how inept he truly was. The play closes when the tables are turned on Fraud and he is captured by request of the King who was on to Tartuffe's horrible ways. Damis accommodates with his dad and the wedding of Mariane and Valere is declared. The completion adds to the comic gadget first in that the tables turn on Tartuffe exactly when you think he has pulled off his wrongdoing. It is likewise hilarious that Orgon just appears to shrug his disaster away and goes on with his ordinary everyday practice. Moliere comic gadgets are by all account not the only things that convey this play. The characters add to the parody from multiple points of view. Orgon and his mother Madame Pernelle are totally taken with Tartuffe. Orgon is really an idiot who can't see the conspicuous directly before his face. Both he and his mom are silly to the point that you need to shout at them to open their eyes. His family must go despite his good faith to show Tartuffe for the miscreant he truly is.

Early life of Giotto di Bondone Essay Example For Students

Early existence of Giotto di Bondone Essay Early lifeMuch of Giotto’s memoir and creative advancement must be reasoned from the proof of enduring works (a huge bit of which can't be ascribed to him with conviction) and stories that begin generally from the late fourteenth century on. The date of Giotto’s birth can be taken as either 1266/67 or 1276, and the 10 years’ contrast is of basic significance in surveying his initial turn of events and is urgent to the issue of the attribution of the frescoes in the Church of San Francesco, in Assisi, which, if in fact by Giotto, are his incredible early works. It is realized that Giotto kicked the bucket on Jan. 8, 1337 (1336, Old Style); this was recorded at the time in the Villani annal. Around 1373, a rhymed adaptation of the Villani account was created by Antonio Pucci, town proclaimer of Florence and novice writer, in which it is expressed that Giotto was 70 when he passed on. This reality would infer that he was conceived in 1266/67, and plainly there was f ourteenth century expert for the announcement (perhaps Giotto’s unique headstone, presently lost). In any case, Giorgio Vasari, in his significant memoir (1550) of Giotto, gives 1276 as the time of Giotto’s birth, and it might be that he was replicating one of the two known adaptations of the Libro di Antonio Billi, a sixteenth century assortment of notes on Florentine specialists. In the Codex Petrei rendition, an explanation that Giotto was conceived in 1276 at Vespignano, the child of a laborer, happens at the finish of the Life and may have been included a lot later, even, possibly, from Vasari. Regardless, whether Vasari or Antonio Billi first offered the expression, it can't have a similar authority as that appended to Antonio Pucci, who was around 27 when Giotto passed on. Sureness of the date of Giotto’s birth, whenever settled by new reports, could assist with taking care of the issue of his work at Assisi, just as the subject of the starting points of his style. Giotto has consistently been expected to have been the understudy of Cimabue; two autonomous customs, each contrasting on the specific conditions, declare this, and it is most likely right. Moreover, Cimabue’s style was, in specific regards, so like Giotto’s in aim that an association appears to be unpreventable. Cimabue was the most extraordinary painter in Italy toward the finish of the thirteenth century; he attempted, as no craftsman had previously, to get through, with the intensity of the real world and inventive power, the adapted types of medieval workmanship. He didn't completely succeed, however it appears to be practically sure that Giotto started his surprising improvement with him, propelled by his quality of attracting and his capacity to join sensational pressure into his works. Then again, whatever Giotto may have gained from Cimabue, plainly, significantly more than the artist Nicola Pisano around 30 years sooner, he prevailing in an astounding advancem ent that began in his own geniusa genuine restoration of old style beliefs and an articulation in specialty of the new mankind that St. Francis had in the mid thirteenth century brought to religion. In Giotto’s works individuals are the selective topic, and they act with devoted enthusiasm their parts in the incomparable Christian dramatization of penance and reclamation. By examination, every one of his antecedents and the vast majority of his prompt replacements painted a manikin appear with dormant mannequins deceived out in the clothes of the unbelievable, hieratic, and unoriginal specialty of Byzantium, which was to be completely supplanted by the critical emotionalism of the Franciscan way to deal with Christianity.

Inquiry into Patient Death

Investigation into Patient Death Contextual investigation ‘Clinical Detective’ Chapter by chapter guide (Jump to) Presentation Goals Foundation Conversation Authority qualities Suggestion End References Complete Word Count: 1601 Report for the Bunbury Regional Hospital’s quality and wellbeing advisory group into the demise of Josephine Wilma Troy Presentation This report has been set up for the Bunbury Regional Hospital’s quality and wellbeing advisory group, following the demise of Josephine Wilma Troy on 14 February 2006. Mrs. Troy was a multi year old woman who had been determined to have leukemia in 2004 and was treated with chemotherapy at first. The conclusion was later refined to prolymphocytic leukemia, an uncommon incessant leukemia, as Mrs. Troy’s leukemia continued in her bone marrow after an underlying course of chemotherapy. Sickness along with chemotherapy bargained her blood creation limit. She had low white blood check, low platelet tally and low hemoglobin and was vulnerable to contamination and febrile neutropenia. Mrs. Troy had been given with febrile neutropenia card to caution medicinal services laborers in regards to her weakness to febrile neutropenia. On 12/02/2006, Mrs. Troy had a temperature of 38 °C and went to Bunbury Regional Hospital with her card. She was begun on anti-toxin and a full blood screen was requested taking into account her helplessness to febrile neutropenia. She recorded an exceptionally low platelet tally (3), which required a platelet transfusion. She was admitted to St. John of God Hospital, Bunbury for treatment of neutropenia sepsis. The next day her platelet tally dropped even lower (1). A request was put for platelet from Australian Red Cross Blood administrations. She was transfused with two units of blood. There was clear improvement in her condition after the blood transfusion. In the early long periods of 14/02/2006, Mrs. Troy endured a critical weakening in her condition. The platelets were transfused in the first part of the day of 14/02/2006. Anyway Mrs. Troy endured a disastrous intracranial drain and didn't recoup from it. Goals This report will glance in to the occasions that lead to death of Mrs. Troy and basically assess the key discoveries. At last it will make proposals to lessen the reoccurrence of comparative antagonistic occasion. It is normal that the suggestions will be inspected and will be remembered for to clinical rules and arrangements by this emergency clinic and different medical clinics. Foundation As an enlisted nurture responsible for the ward the realities brought about the unfriendly occasion should be assessed. Conversations have occurred with social insurance suppliers who were accountable for Mrs. Troy and patient’s records have been surveyed so as to accumulate data for this report. Depiction of Models Two hypotheses were utilized in looking at the discoveries in particular the Human Factors Model and the Swiss Cheese Model. As per United Kingdom wellbeing and security official, human elements alludes to† natural, work or authoritative components and human and individual qualities and how they impact on people wellbeing and security related conduct (Health and Safety Executive, 1999, p.2 as refered to in World Health Organization, 2009)†. It review the connection between person and the framework they cooperate with and center around improving profitability, work fulfillment, productivity and limiting blunders (Patients Safety First,2010). The Swiss cheddar model assesses a chain of occasions that lead to a mistake to gain from the blunders (National Council of State Board of Nursing, 2011). It clarifies that there are numerous degrees of safeguard in a framework like checking of drug before organization, stamping careful site, rules, experienced staff and so forth. (NCSBN, 2011). In the event that these safeguard boundaries are set up it forestall the mistake structure occurring. Be that as it may, in actuality the guards are loaded with openings like poor correspondence, absence of direction and so forth. (Reason, 2000). These openings are known as dormant conditions or dynamic disappointments. Dynamic disappointments have quick and direct impact on the result as it is the risky demonstration submitted by the person who are in direct contact with the patient or framework (Reason, 2000). Inactive conditions are inhabitant mistakes inside the framework as they emerge from the choices made by the top administration. The y may remain in the framework for a long time before make a blunder. Models incorporate staff lack, high outstanding task at hand. At the point when all degrees of protection are infiltrated by a mix of dynamic disappointment and inert conditions a patient security occurrence will happen. Conversation Distinguishing the dynamic disappointments is the initial phase in evaluating the occasions prompting Mrs. Troy’s demise. This will help in distinguishing the basic inert conditions. Dynamic disappointments Mrs. Troy’s change of finding, (from intense lymphobastic leukemia to prolymphocitic leukemia) didn't archive in progress note. Ignorance of Health care proficient engaged with Mrs. Troy in regards to her stay during the concentrated observing period. She dwelled in Bunbury rather than Fremantle. Dr. Webb didn’t convey his desire for Mrs. Troy to stay in Fremantle zone for simple access to emergency clinic if there should arise an occurrence of entanglements. Mr. Mclntyre bombed in mentioning to arrange critical platelet when he had an away from of the importance of a low platelet tally. Despite the fact that Mrs. Troy had encountered an outrageous low platelet check nothing was finished by the staff to give transfusion as quickly as time permits. Dr. Terren was not given the perception that Mrs. Troy’s temperature had raise to 40 °C. Dr. Terren didn’t mark critical on the first solicitation structure for platelet. Mr. Bastow didn't counsel Dr. Terren that platelet could be acquired sooner than the following day if there should be an occurrence of crisis. Idle conditions Disappointments in correspondence Correspondence breakdown has happened at different phases of this case. Mrs. Troy’s change of analysis, (from intense lymphobastic leukemia to prolymphocitic leukemia) and its criticalness in change of future and treatment system didn't imparted to her and her family which made bunches of misconception her family. Dr. Webb didn’t convey his desire for Mrs. Troy to stay in Fremantle zone for simple access to medical clinic if there should arise an occurrence of complexities. There was a reasonable misconstruing about release and release home between Mrs. Troy and the clinic staff. Mr. Bastow didn't convey to Dr. Terren that platelet could be acquired sooner than the following day if there should be an occurrence of crisis. Disappointments in documentation Mrs. Troy’s change of determination, (from intense lymphobastic leukemia to prolymphocitic leukemia) didn't report in progress note. The letter to Mrs. Troy’s GP would just be set in her document once composed after Dr. Webb’s outpatient center. The inconvenience with this training was Fremantle staff didn't approach Dr. Webb’s updated the executives plan at the time they saw Mrs. Troy. Insufficient fundamental preparing Absence of information about complexity of low platelet tally and methodology with respect to demand for critical platelet from Australian Red Cross Blood administration were clear. This brought about deferral in giving transfusion at the most basic stage. Dr. Terren was not given the perception that Mrs. Troy’s temperature had raise to 40 °C. Deficient staffing There was just a single clinical researcher accessible. He was not on the job when nursing staff attempted to collet platelet. This brought about additional deferral in transfusion as platelets couldn't be gathered before they had been appropriately checked by clinical researcher. Authority characteristics A mix of authority ascribes are important to do an effective examination of the occasions prompting Mrs. Troy’s demise. Transformational and viable initiative is basic for accomplishment in a human services association (Huber, 2010). Adaptability is one of the traits. The examiner ought to have the option to adjust to a difficult circumstance. Be a decent communicator so as to get as much as data about the occasion and to think about all choices (Marshall, 2011). Receptive to assess contributions from every single invested individual in dynamic. Have the option to use all the assets accessible. Specialist ought to be knowledgeable on approaches methods and authoritative standards (Huber, 2010). Agent ought to be a decent evaluator. Great assessment of occasions is important for an association to improve, to change projects and approaches that are not working (Daly, Speedy and Jackson, 2004). Basic reasoning and critical thinking aptitudes are fundamental to make progress (Sull ivan and Decker, 2005). Proposal Febrile Neutropenia clinical alarm card ought to show patient’s current analysis so as to give sufficient data at basic circumstance and to encourage fundamental treatment. Current finding, treatment plan and expected result ought to talk about with patient and family to abstain from misconception and to play it safe if there should arise an occurrence of entanglements. Work of sufficient number of clinical researchers to forestall delay in checking platelets before organization. A clinical researcher should introduce in the emergency clinic consistently. Current finding and new treatment plan ought to demonstrate in patient’s progress note quickly following meeting. Essential preparing ought to be given to staff with respect to complexity of low platelet check, important perceptions, legitimate method of requesting and acquiring platelet if there should be an occurrence of crisis. Rules to get blood item from ARCBS ought to be promptly accessible in all wards. Conventions in regards to platelet transfusion (like platelet transfusion ought to be started if platelet check is beneath 10X/L for chemotherapy patients) ought to be kept obvious in all wards (Slichter, 2007). End Various preventable components were recognized during the

Effects of Technology on Social Groups Essay

The development of innovation has achieved diverse social impacts. Some have lost while others have picked up from the innovation. An incredible piece of innovation includes working with machines and this has come about into less human work and the vast majority of the individuals have been rendered jobless by the machines. This is a negative impact on the social gathering that was cooperating since some must be laid off to give route for the machines. A few people have gotten wealthier while others have gotten poor and this has made a hole between the two gatherings. This has changed the desires for some individuals in the social condition (Langdon, 1986). For the individuals who have concentrated how to function with the machines they are appreciating and drawing nearer to their social gatherings. Individuals can simple work from home and this has made working simpler. Social gatherings can cooperate on the web and they can even share a system. The vast majority of the innovation lies in the PC and through the PC; individuals can without much of a stretch talk with every one of their companions in the social sites. Individuals additionally discover companions and lost companions on the web and this is a value of innovation since individuals stay in contact in any event, when they are a long way from one another (English-Lueck 1998). In social gatherings like families, innovation has prompted separations of close family ties sine the relatives can impart by sending an email and visiting. They feel that they are near their family members in any event, when they are in far off spots henceforth they try not to travel home. This has made the vast majority of the guardians to lose authority over their youngsters. This is a manner by which innovation has made opportunity for the youthful age (Ruth. 1989). References 1. Ruth Schwartz Cohen, (1989), More work for mother; The Ironies of Household Technology from the open hearth to the Microwave, London, Free Association Books 2. Langdon Winner, (1986), The Whale and the Reactor; A Search for Limits during a time of High Technology, Chicago, University of Chicago press 3. J. A. English-Lueck, (1998), Technology and Social Change; The impacts of family and network recovered October 31, 2008 from site; http://www. sjsu. edu/depts/human studies/svcp/SVCPcosa. html

Free Essays on Alzheimer

The reasons for Alzheimer's malady stay a riddle, however specialists have discovered that specific gatherings of individuals have chance factors that make them bound to build up the sickness than everybody. Numerous individuals don't understand how extreme this illness truly is. Individuals likewise don't understand the amount of a hazard there is of building up the sickness. 4,000,000 individuals in the United States today are harrowed with Alzheimer’s Disease. Another exceptionally fascinating reality about Alzheimer’s Disease is that the adjustments in the mind happen 20 to 40 years before the patient shows any side effects. Around 10% of Americans have this malady by the age of 65, and around 50 percent of Americans have the sickness by the age of 85. Individuals can live very much into their 90s, they despite everything hold the majority of their recollections and control of their bodies (Kahn, 1998). This is an illness that everybody everywhere throughout the world ought to be concerned about.... <input type=submit class=button orange value=Read the Full Version onclick=window.location = 'https://www.free-school essays.com/signup.html'; return bogus;/> Free Essays on Alzheimer Free Essays on Alzheimer The reasons for Alzheimer's sickness stay a puzzle, yet scientists have discovered that specific gatherings of individuals have hazard factors that make them bound to build up the illness than everybody. Numerous individuals don't understand how extreme this illness truly is. Individuals additionally don't understand the amount of a hazard there is of building up the sickness. 4,000,000 individuals in the United States today are tormented with Alzheimer’s Disease. Another extremely fascinating reality about Alzheimer’s Disease is that the adjustments in the cerebrum happen 20 to 40 years before the patient shows any indications. Around 10% of Americans have this malady by the age of 65, and around 50 percent of Americans have the illness by the age of 85. Individuals can live very much into their 90s, they despite everything hold a large portion of their recollections and control of their bodies (Kahn, 1998). This is a sickness that everybody everywhere throughout the world ought to be concerned about.... <input type=submit class=button orange value=Read the Full Version onclick=window.location = 'https://www.free-school essays.com/signup.html'; return bogus;/>

New Harmony

New Harmony New Harmony, town (1990 pop. 846), Posey co., SW Ind., on the Wabash River; founded 1814 by the Harmony Society under George Rapp. In 1825 the Harmonists sold their holdings to Robert Owen and moved to Economy, Pa., where their sect survived into the early 1900s. Owen established a communistic colony in New Harmony that gained prominence as a cultural and scientific center and attracted many noted scientists, educators, and writers. Dissension arose, and in 1828 the community ceased to exist as a distinct enterprise, although the town remained an intellectual center. The nation's first kindergarten, first free public school, first free library, and first school with equal education for boys and girls were all established there. Some 25 Rappite buildings remain in New Harmony. See studies by K. J. Arndt (rev. ed. 1972) and W. E. Wilson, (1984). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclop edia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Antecedents Corporate Entrepreneurship United Arab Emirates - 550 Words

Investigating the Antecedents of Corporate Entrepreneurship in United Arab Emirates (UAE) (Dissertation Sample) Content: Investigating the antecedents of corporate entrepreneurship In United Arab Emirates (UAE)Dissertation Part 1Proposal(Fall 2016) sec. 01Dissertation Supervisor Dr.IntroductionThe business environment has witnessed major changes emanating both from competitive forces arising from globalization, as well as increasing customer demands. Modern technologies have influenced development of advanced organizational infrastructures, to provide improved services and products in the process of satisfying customers needs. Companies have thus been compelled to introduce new technologies and establish a culture of innovation to improve on their competitive ability as well as achieving their stipulated goals. Customer satisfaction and improved competitive ability guarantees the existence of an organization towards realization of the set goals.In this regard, corporate entrepreneurship is required to identify new business gaps, design new products, and improve the quality of services o ffered to their customers to enhance their competitive advantage. Sathe (2003) explains corporate entrepreneurship as the process of generating new business ideas and opportunities within an organization that maximizes profit and enhance the companys competitive advantage Define what corporate entrepreneurship is here (cite source). Customer satisfaction and improved competitive ability guarantees the existence of an organization towards realization of the set goals. Corporate entrepreneurship incorporates all the stakeholders involved particularly customers- both direct and indirect to realize success. Besides this, corporate entrepreneurs are expected to maximally utilize limited resources in realization of the stipulated organizational goals.The UAE Vision 2021 seeks to achieve an outstanding performance and compete well in the international business environment. The UAE innovation strategy launched on October 2014 purposes to classify UAT among the best nations possessing high levels of sufficient innovations. Organizations are encouraged to establish a culture of innovation in achieving the vision stipulated while adopting effective technologies. There has been a recent emphasis by companies in UAE to invest on innovative entrepreneurship strategies to meet the customer satisfaction. To enhance their competitiveness, companies are now compelled to abandon traditional styles and embrace new technologies and innovative corporate entrepreneurship culture (Howell and Avolio 1998). In the desertion, the antecedents of corporate entrepreneurship will be explored. Particularly, factors such as Organizational Culture and Climate, role of employees and customers, contribution of partners, and physical facilities will be explored in the empirical context of the UAE.Literature ReviewPast researchers gave much attention to the concept of corporate entrepreneurship and its impact on the organization as well as innovation. Innovative initiatives involve creating a new brand, products, services and other processes and evaluating its impact on the economic development of the firm (Gumusluoglu and Ilsev 2004 you need to mention year of paper).. If you go into this argument, then you must elaborate in what ways. Otherwise, do not mention it. Innovation is considered as the most critical component for the long term existence of the organization past studies found two key approaches to the change that are; subject based and object based by which innovation has been implemented to bring transformation. Subject based innovation involves training and harnessing creativity from team members while object based innovation involves outsourcing skills. What is subject-based and object-based? Describe them here.Corporate EntrepreneurshipThere have been a considerable amount of previous academic research on corporate entrepreneurship and the culture of innovation. According to Sathe (2003), an organization is supposed to formulate new ideas aimed at establishin g further markets to maximize profits as well as standing a stable ground to withstand competitors. An example of company that employs corporate entrepreneurship is Warby Parker, which diversified their online markets to designing new prescription glasses and sells it directly to customers eliminating intermediaries resulting to decreased operational costs. Burns (2005) articulates that corporate entrepreneur as development of new ideas and business ventures within an organization aimed at maximizing profits, satisfying customers needs, and improving the competitive ability.Corporate entrepreneurship establishes an organizational drive, which creates a platform to explore possible market gaps while considerably observing calculated risks associated with the exploration (Morris Kuratko, 2002, p.9). Inclusion of internal and external innovations in the exploration significantly heightens an organizational competitive advantage in addition to making the company relevant in the modern business setup (Zahra 2005). A successful corporate entrepreneurship incorporates all stakeholders such as leaders, employees, customers, suppliers and strategic partners in creating a productive culture and a competitive environment.Culture of InnovationBessant(2009) explains the meaning of innovation as a great idea, executed brilliantly, and communicated in a way that is both intuitive and fully celebrates the magic of the initial concept.  An example of an organization that has established a culture of innovation is Google. Google has a culture of involving its customers in designing temporal logos that have attracted more users making it a leader of search engines. On addition, Google offers lucrative deals to their employees, which have attracted able developers in their organization enhancing the formation of innovative team that have bettered the companys success. According to Beswick (2015), a culture of innovation is important for the continuity and success of an organi zation. Creativity improves productivity as well as improving the quality of products and services delivered by a company. A productive leadership should be in a position to harness creativity from its employees as a way of maximizing the resources available (Bryant, 2014, p.17). Prioritizing on the culture of innovation provides a competitive advantage and flourishing in the business world. A good financial base is important for the establishment of an organization. However, the modern technology would be expensive to acquire depending on current budget feasibility. Harnessing own employees creativity minimizes cost associated with acquisition of technologies making it possible to explore on other potentials (Abramson Littman, 2002, p.63).The dissertation should also discuss the fact that Corporate Entrepreneurship has an essential importance in large companies. In these terms, the work by Soriano and Huarng (2013) may be used. This work summarizes the best studies, which were pre sented in the conference of Global Innovation and Knowledge Academy (GIKA), which was conducted in July 2012. It discusses Innovation and entrepreneurship in the knowledge industries. The paper gives a contribution to various views of innovation and entrepreneurship in large companies of different countries. Here, innovation is considered as a tool of entrepreneurship. In addition, it is possible to use the works by Kraus (2011), Harms and Fink (32) and Ahmad and Daghfous (2011).The dissertation should consider Organizational Culture and Climate in terms of the general topic. In this purpose, it is possible to use an example of Libya, which is presented in the study by Twati and Gammack (2006). This research explores the influence of organization culture innovations on the introduction of information systems (IS) in oil and banking sectors of Libya.Strategic PartnersAccording to Spraggon et al. (2014), strategic partnership is a key aspect of corporate entrepreneurship. Organization s and companies that have embraced this concept more often have shown success. As a matter, of fact, establishing a partnership program several development programs are needed. Besides, strategic partners enable the organization to acquire both financial and human resources. Leadership aligns staff, funding and other resources to a program. Indeed, strategic partnership development is reinforced through a combination of leadership engagement and an organization extensive training.CompetitionAccording to Pettaway (2015), currently, business organizations are formed in a highly competitive environment. As such, they should develop strategies to secure their market segment to survive in the market. Besides, firms are continuously striving for ways to attain a sustainable competitive advantage (Javalgi 2006). Indeed corporate entrepreneurship in UAE Organizations should focus on internal strength to ensure a healthy competition. For a company to encourage proper training, competition sh ould be supported both within and outsides the organization. In fact, this will help to ensure the transformation of the activities that the company seeks to achieve. Training provides that an individual perform their roles professionally (Javalgi 2006). Moreover, it encourages socialization of employees.External CustomerExternal Customers involves those people that come from outside of the business or the organization (Conduit 2014). According to Conduit (2014), individuals who work in companies try to ensure that external customers are served well hence transforming their leadership styles. The companies should have sufficient ability understand their external clients. As a result, they will be able to ensure more return ...

Child Observation Middle Childhood - 1388 Words

CHILD DEVELOPMENT CHART: MIDDLE CHILDHOOD (7-11 years) Early Childhood Development YOUR CHILD DEVELOPMENT CHART: MIDDLE CHILDHOOD (7–11 YEARS) SECTION 1: MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS | |[pic] [pic] | |BIOSOCIAL |Brief Description of Example | |Body Changes |1.Around the age of 6, there is a slowing down of the rate of growth.†¦show more content†¦| | | | |Vygotsky’s Theory |1. Vygotsky’s Theory stressed the importance of the influence of culture and social context of learning. | | | | | | | | |2. Vygotsky’s theory believed that economic and cultural forces were very influential in child development. | | | | |Information Processing |1. I.P was based on a computer model, examines each step of the thinking process. | |Show MoreRelatedChildren Are Our Pillars For Tomorrow Essay1720 Words   |  7 PagesChild Study Project Children are our pillars for tomorrow. It is therefore important to study children at different ages. 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On April 1, 2010, I was welcomed into Mrs. Smith’s all day kindergarten class at the O’Dea Core Knowledge Elementary School in Fort Collins Colorado to observe and note the classroom conditions, interactions of the children among themselves, the teachers orRead MoreChild Development Reflection Paper1332 Words   |  6 PagesCourse Reflection In this course, I have learned theories of child development, principles of growth and development, prenatal development, infancy, toddlerhood, three-four-and five years old, six-seven-and eight years old, middle childhood, adolescence: thirteen to nineteen years old, and where and when to seek help. I really enjoyed the adolescence: thirteen to nineteen years old chapter the most because, people tend to forget that even though they in high school their brains are still growingRead MoreDifferences Between High Status And Low Status Children Essay1130 Words   |  5 Pageschildren. Keywords: Low-status, High-status Social Relations in Middle Childhood 3 Between grades one through six, which is approximately 6 years of age to eleven years of age, children place priority and importance of popularity, which increases over the elementary school years, this reaches its peak in late middle school and in the early high school years. Studies show that children inRead MoreA Study On Infant Mother Attachment1493 Words   |  6 Pages(1970) in a Strange Situation study where they categorized infant-mother attachment into three which are secure, avoidant and ambivalent. In this context, attachment can be defined as an interaction between a child and a mother which implies affections that is observable through the act of the child to seek for proximity or contact with the mother (Dallaire Weinraub, 2005). Nevertheless, this attachment study did not end after this finding. Instead, many researchers replicate this measures, trying to

The Effects of Smoking on the Body Essay - 748 Words

The Effects of Smoking on the Body Almost one third of the World’s population are smokers for one reason or another, appearance, reduce stress etc. However, I, and many others, find it very difficult to believe smoking can aid anyone’s appearance as it encourages early ageing, and I do not believe that any of the risks that smoking has is worth any amount of stress relief that it can provide. Cigarette smoking can have serious health effects on the human body. Smoking causes a variety of life threatening diseases. This is because they contain more than 4,000 chemicals (www.click2quit.co.uk), including 43 of which cause cancer (www.betterhealthchannel.com.au). Nicotine is a substance in†¦show more content†¦However, the most easily affected area of the body damaged by smoking is the respiratory system. It can cause irritation of the trachea (windpipe) and larynx (voice box) as well as reduced lung function and breathlessness due to swelling and narrowing of the lung airways and excess mucus in the lung passages (Letts Revise Biology The Ultimate Study Guide). These can be caused by many cigarette contents. Tar is the collective term for various particles suspended in tobacco smoke. It contains the carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene that is known to trigger tumour development (cancer). Not only does tar trigger tumour development but it also coats the alveoli with its st icky substance, which slows down the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Animal experiments have shown that nitrogen oxides damage the lungs in such a way that they cause the lung disease emphysema. Hydrogen cyanide destroys the cilia lining the bronchial tubes, which reduces the efficiency in getting rid of foreign substances that enter the respiratory system, resulting in the poisonous ingredients of tobacco smoke remaining in the lungs. Ammonia also damages the lungs affecting the ability of the body to breathe,Show MoreRelatedEffects Of Smoking On The Mind And Body1578 Words   |  7 Pagesthe past century smoking has been integrated into our society, and it has been lingering without any uproar. The beginning of the 20th century was a time where smoking cigarettes was something a doctor would do in a hospital after surgery. Smoking was so common around that time youths were even indulging into the harmful habit with no penalties. In today’s time, there is a significant amount of awareness to the destructive nature of smoking, and any other tobacco product. Science has reachedRead MoreThe Effects Of Cigarette Smoking On The Body And Others1320 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Cigarette smoking is one of the most common known causes of diseases. It has a negative effect on the body and others who are around the person smoking, but being able to quit can positively change a person’s health. Nicotine is one of the biggest component in a cigarette, it stimulates the central nervous system which then gives the smoker a pleasurable feeling. The cigarette’s stimulants make smoking very addictive, which causes smoking cessation challenging for a person. There areRead MoreThe Effects Of A Body Image Exposure Session On Smoking1720 Words   |  7 PagesNot a day goes by without us hearing about the dangers of smoking and the numerous effects that cigarettes can have on the human body. We have all see the thousands of television commercials urging people to quit smoking, including the infamous ‘Marlboro Man,† who died from cancer due to the cigarettes he once promoted for many years. Smoking is often used as a weight control strategy amon g female smokers. The pressures that women sometimes feel to look a certain way can be overwhelming and makeRead MoreEffects Of Smoking On Children s Body System Essay827 Words   |  4 PagesCigar contains 4000 toxic chemicals to body, and some are even cancer causing agents. (1) Smoking cigar does not only affect the smoker but also others by secondary smoking, especially to children and infants. Secondary smoking could negatively impact children’s body system. NHS is one of the biggest and famous website in health field in the UK. It contains many health information and provide the different types of services which patients would like to choose and receive from clinics. It developedRead MoreEffects Of Smoking On Our Brain And Body By Causing Heart Attacks1379 Words   |  6 PagesSwinson 1 Robert Swinson Mrs. Barbara Purdie Honors English III Honors 16 November 2015 Effects of smoking marijuana Smoking marijuana can affect your brain and body by causing heart attacks, killing brain cells, and reducing sperm cells. Marijuana is one of the most dangerous drugs in the U.S. It is also one of the easiest drugs to get or obtain from someone. Marijuana refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from the hemp plant, Cannabis Sativa. Marijuana has many nicknames likeRead More Smoking and The Human Body Essay examples1467 Words   |  6 Pages Smoking is a bad habit which plagues the young, as well as the old. It is the largest source of preventable mortality in North America1. Not only does smoking lead to an early grave, but it can also influence ones daily life. Many studies have revealed links between smoking and reduced endurance capacity2. Nicotine, the addictive agent found in cigarettes, can also be used to control weight gain. Both of these factors can have considerable effect on the sporting world. There have been many studiesRead MoreSecondhand Smoke Essay807 Words   |  4 PagesSecondhand smoke is just as harmful as smoking because it leads to a higher prevalence of cancer and heart disease, it affects children’s health, and harms nonsmokers since they are healthy. You ever thought if smoking was harmful to you or your friends? Is smoking really that good? Many years smoking has been proven to be harmful. Smoking takes control of your mind, body and physical appearance sometimes. Many smokers are starting to smoke now at a young age. Smoking isn’t only harmful to you but allRead MoreShould Smoking Be Public Places?1110 Words   |  5 Pages Will smoking be convenient in your life? Smoking is the rubbish commodity to buy, sell and to utilize it. Smoking nowadays is creating obstacles to non-smokers and in general pollution to the environment. Some people are habituated to smoking and is now have become a far- reaching issue. Due to smoking it will generate complications in the future. Smoking should be banned in public places. This includes it harms people nearby smokers, causes litter and people can be affected with long-term diseaseRead MoreThe Effects Of Smoking Cigarettes On Society925 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Smoking Cigarettes Society has been faced with many social struggles since the beginning of time. Smoking cigarettes is just one of those many social challenges. Individuals who smoke cigarettes increase the risk of developing health issues. Advertising has decreased over the years but the investment is with those that started when advertising was a big deal. Finally, the chemicals put into cigarettes are designed to increase a person’s cravings for cigarettes making it harder toRead MoreIntroduction. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (Copd)1383 Words   |  6 Pageslinked with many other comorbidities. However, the most concerning effect that COPD has on the body is towards the muscular dysfunction of skeletal muscle. Reasons, that are independent of lung function, that make this so concerning includes; an overall decrease in functional capacity, a poor quality of life, an increase in health care utilization, or even mortality. COPD has been linked to vitamin D deficiency. However, the e ffects of Vitamin D deficiency, pertaining to COPD, on skeletal muscle has

Business Licenses And Regulations For Canmore Property...

Vacation condo owners in Canmore, a high demand town can greatly benefit from using listing websites like Vrbo and Airbnb. Below is a guide that gives an overview on how owners can use the aforementioned listing websites for Canmore property management: How to begin 1. Define your goals As a vacation condo owner in Canmore, you need to set goals, what you intend to accomplish via renting your condo. Some of the things to consider include: - The number of rental weeks you intend to have annually. You may want to use the vacation condo for some time in the year. - Financial objectives – do you aim at offsetting some costs? Making a profit? 2. Compliance with regulations Ensure that your condo rental business has complied with all your state, county and municipality regulations. Some of the regulations to look out for include: - Zoning - Homeowners Association Rules - Business Licenses and permits - Safety and health code regulations - Sales tax 3. Costs involved a) Commissions by rental by owner companies Listing your property on a website means that it will be managed by a property management company, commonly referred to as a rental by owner. The property management company, in this case Airbnb or Vrbo, will charge a commission, usually 10 to 50% of the rental income. b) Marketing costs Most listing websites charge between $200 and $500 for marketing your property. c) Housekeeper or cleaning service Choose a housekeeper or cleaning service that can be

Essay on Religion in Public Schools - 1442 Words

The subject of religion in public schools is one that has been debated vigorously and passionately. The warriors from the Right and Left fail to appreciate the facts because they are caught up in the rhetoric and have difficulty viewing this emotional topic dispassionately (Haynes, 2011). Both sides are right about one thing: this is an important subject. The debate on religion in the public school is complicated by the fact that there are two clauses dealing with religion in the First Amendment (Warnick, 2012). The Establishment Clause, which disallows the establishment by the government of any particular religion, and the Free Exercise Clause, which prohibits the state from proscribing the practice of religion, are a source of†¦show more content†¦These uncertain areas include (a) whether schools endorsing religious views if they allow student-initiated activities to involve school resources and audiences, (b) the lengths to which schools can and should go to in accommodating religious beliefs and practices, and (c) how schools can make certain that accommodations do not become endorsements nor imply such (Warnick, 2012). In addition to the areas of ambiguity, there is the problem of religious ignorance (Giess, 2012; Haynes, 2011). There is a marked and dramatic ignorance among Americans about religious traditions including their own (Giess, 2012). Ignorance is no virtue and especially so when the opportunity to harm one’s students through intolerance and ignorance is more prevalent than ever before. The US, the predominance of the Christian religion notwithstanding, is becoming more and more diverse religiously (Gunther Purinton, 2011). This type of ignorance is a contributor to the escalation of religious intolerance that has manifested itself in increasing numbers of hate crimes (Haynes, 2011). Educators need to understand the impact of religion on the lives of their students. According to Gallup poll data, nearly 95% of teens believe in God and 86% believe that Jesus Christ is either God or the Son of God (Gallup Lindsay, 1999 as cited in Ream, 2003). These and other similar statistics demonstrate the importance of considering religion when dealing with young people. ReamShow MoreRelatedReligion : Public Schools And Religion2002 Words   |  9 PagesReligion in Public Schools Issues involving public schools and religion have been topics involving intense debate. It is difficult for the government to elucidate the appropriate boundaries of religion in the public schools. It is true that teaching about religion is permitted in the public education systems, but the real question is where the margin should be set between teaching religion and simply teaching about religion. It is almost impossible to teach about the history of the United StatesRead MoreFreedom of Religion in Public Schools1748 Words   |  7 Pagesthe individual practice of religion in school has become a very controversial topic. There are many different views on this matter and even more opinions on how it should be handled. There are people on both sides of the spectrum, there are those who believe that it should be taught and allowed in school, and there are those who believe it should not be taught or practiced in school. There have been cases brought to court about how religion should be taken out of schools, or if it should be allowedRead MoreThe Practice of Religion in Public Schools762 Words   |  4 PagesThe Practice of Religion in Public Schools The â€Å"establishment† or â€Å"religion† clause of the First Amendment of the Constitution reads: â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof† (Education Week, 2003, para. 2). It is from this clause that the idea of separation of church and state comes. It is also the basis for much of the debate regarding the practice of religion in public schools (Education Week, 2003). OneRead MoreReligion and Public school Essay1652 Words   |  7 Pagesestablished religion. To prevent this from happening in America, the Framers of the constitution banished the ability for the state to interfere with religion, and vice versa. Yet over time this mixture of government and religion has been tested, especially in cases involving school and religion. Like any argument, there is a party which agrees and another which disagrees. When looking at schools and practices of religion, there is a side that believ e the mixture of school and religion is just andRead MoreReligion in Public Schools Essay1131 Words   |  5 PagesDefinition: Religion in school is the practice of any personal religious beliefs in a place of education. Introduction: In recent years teaching or the individual practice of religion in school has become a very controversial topic. There are many different views on this matter and even more opinions on how it should be handled. There are people on both sides of the spectrum, there are those who believe that it should be taught and allowed in school, and there are those who believe it shouldRead More Religion In Public Schools Essay1444 Words   |  6 Pages Religion in Public Schools nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof......Ó according to the First Amendment of the Constitution. This idea of freedom of religion has been stated very clearly, but it also raises questions about the meaning of religious freedom . Should religious expression be excluded from all government activities? Has separation of church and state been violated by the U.S. TreasuryRead More Religion in Public Schools Essay2315 Words   |  10 PagesReligious Rights in Public Schools JESUS in the classroom! Are you feeling uncomfortable yet? Religion in the public school systems is among the top of the list of controversial topics in American society, Weve long been advised to avoid this and other religiously politically intertwined subjects in polite conversation. If youre like most Americans, this topic makes you frustrated, high strung, or at least a little queasy. From the day the 1st amendment right appeared in the U.S.Read More Religion in Public Schools Essay602 Words   |  3 Pages Religion in Public Schools Are you religious? Do you have children? What kind of environment would you like your child in while he/she is in school? A century ago, most of America’s public schools were religious schools. Over time the state has redesigned schools in order to make schools for all children and not alienate any students. The Supreme Court then accelerated the movement in 1962 when it declared that prayer in public schools was unconstitutional. Then one year later the court removedRead More No Religion or School Prayer in Public Schools Essay3018 Words   |  13 PagesConstitution was adopted, the separation of church and state issue focused on preventing a government mandated religion (Davis 245). The framers of the Constitution knew first hand the harmful consequences of a government that has complete control over religion. Protecting the religious freedoms of the various religions seeking refuge in America also raised great concern. Each religion s hould be given the same rights wh en practicing their beliefs. For these reasons, the First Amendment of hteRead More Religion and School Prayer in Public Schools Essays1853 Words   |  8 Pagespractice the same religion, Americas first legislators made certain that government intervention in religious matters was prohibited. Therefore, religious freedom was ensured in the First Amendment to the Constitution, as it states, Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. . . (Whitehead, Rights 49). This statement allowed Americans to f reely express and practice or chose not to practice a religion. The two distinct parts

The Rise of Technology, the Fall of the Human Mind Free Essays

Pretty much all of the excitement over the last century has been about the new advanced technology, most people are fooled by thinking they need the newest and the best. But to what extent is this new technology ruining the environment and the actual people? It is believed that with all the new technology people are becoming less healthy as they can use the technology to do all the work for them. Have the people of the world become too dependent on computers, cars, the internet, different machines, cellphones and high tech calculators? Technology has become the most common used thing in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise of Technology, the Fall of the Human Mind or any similar topic only for you Order Now Technology is every aspect of the human life, it effects from the time we wake up to the time we go to bed. We can say that,†living without technology is like living without air† in this technical world of today, therefore, we are much too dependent on technology. Since the industrial revolution, society has become more and more dependent on technology. So much so that we sometimes lack the willingness to think before we act. Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function. Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. Every small work we do is technology dependent. Today every other person is recognized with the device he carries, which is technically advanced. People in today’s society are always looking for ways to improve their lifestyles and in some way help deal with their physical environment. Even in the shelf life in our grocery stores, the food products increase with help of everyday technology and the preparation time of food is reduced with the help of new machines and equipment, making the person buying it have easy consumption and also saving a lot of productive time. Whereas back in the day it was very time consuming to hunt and kill your prey to be able to eat. The whole food industry has completely changed with the new technology we have today. The invention of the television has brought all forms of entertainment into our houses with video and audio combined. Before 1950, newspapers and radio were the only ways to bring media or entertainment into the home. How to cite The Rise of Technology, the Fall of the Human Mind, Papers

Accounting Research Paper free essay sample

Waste Management System For A Gas Retail Fueling Station A thesis proposal submitted to the College of Accountancy In partial fulfillment for the requirement of the course in Internship/Accounting Thesis INTRODUCTION Any stock that a firm keeps to meet its future requirement of production and sales is called â€Å"INVENTORY†. The basic reason for holding inventory is to keep up to the production activities unhampered. It is neither physically possible nor economically justifiable to wait for the stock to arrive at the time when they are actually required. Therefore, keeping of inventory is a must for the efficient working of a business unit. Finished goods are completed goods awaiting sale in a manufacturing concern; they are the final output of the production process. The nature of inventory depends upon the type of activity carried on. In the case of a trading concern, it will comprise only finished goods or stock-in-trade owned by it for sale to customers in the normal course of business. Inventory needs proper control as it is one of the largest assets of a business. Inventories should neither be excessive nor inadequate. If inventories are kept at a high level, higher interest and storage costs would be incurred; on the other hand, a low level of inventories may result in frequent interruption in the production schedule resulting in under utilization of capacity and lower sales. Some businesses have another concern for their inventory. Spoilage, evaporation and other kind of inventory losses are incurred depending on the type of products offered. All businesses strived to prevent these losses but are also prepared to account for them. They have established procedures and standards to accurately determine and measure the appropriate amount of losses incurred. These losses are considered as waste. Proper measurement of inventory, especially those that have the tendency for normal loss, is vital to a good inventory management. Inventory management consists of everything from accurate record-keeping to shipping and receiving of products on time. An Inventory management that is properly maintained can keep a company’s supply chain running smoothly and efficiently. The objective of inventory management is therefore to determine and maintain the optimum level of investment in inventories which help in achieving the required objective. The focus of this study is to enhance the current system and practices on inventory management and the procedures used in dealing with losses by a Gasoline Retailing Station located in Km. 53, National Highway, Brgy. Real, Calamba City, Laguna. The business offers four different kinds of fuels to motorists for thirty years. Statement of the Problem The study, entitled â€Å"Inventory and Waste Management in a Gas Retailing Station† is intended to develop and enhance the inventory and waste management system. The objective may be achieved by evaluating the internal control practices applied in the company particularly on current assets specifically on its inventory management. Further, the study is aimed to answer what development and enhancement the company may be able to adopt. The study aims to answer the following questions: 1) What are the current system and control measures being adopted with regard to their inventory system? ) What standards and practices does the company apply with their waste management system? 3) What are the strengths and weaknesses of their current inventory system and waste management practices? 4) What improvements can be made regarding the inventory and waste management system? 5) What enhancements can be adopted to improve the inventory and waste management system of the company? Objective s of the Study The main goal of the study is to evaluate the current inventory and waste management system of the company. Thus, the study shall be conducted to come up with an enhancement and development in the inventory management process. Specifically, the researcher aims: 1. To determine the current system and control measures being adopted. 2. To determine the standards and practices that the company apply with their waste management system. 3. To determine the strengths and weaknesses of their current inventory system and waste management practices 4. To determine the improvements that can be made regarding the inventory and waste management system. 5. To determine the enhancements that can be adopted to improve the inventory and waste management system. Scope and Limitation The study focuses on the evaluation and assessment of practices that the company has regarding the management of their inventory and waste system. It shall include customs the company has on maintaining the level of inventory and also the internal controls they carry out to assure its quality. The valuation of inventory considering its evaporation tendency shall also be discussed in this paper. The study shall not cover the efficiency of the management in carrying the tasks, merely its traditions on dealing with inventory. Theoretical Framework To aid the researcher in conducting the research, the book Fundamentals of Oil and Gas Accounting by Linda M. Nichols will be used. Conceptual Framework PROCESS Evaluation of Inventory and Waste Management System through analysis and interpretation of data OUTPUT Enhancement and development of the Inventory and Waste Management System INPUT Current practices in Inventory and Waste Management System FEEDBACK Current practices in Inventory and Waste Management System The current practices, system, and procedures of the business shall be the primary data needed in the study. Evaluation of Inventory and Waste Management System through analysis and interpretation of data Through questionnaires and interviews, the data gathered shall be the source of evaluating the inventory and waste management system. Enhancement and development of the Inventory and Waste Management System With the evaluation of the inventory and waste management system, provided by the analysis and interpretations conducted, the researchers shall identify the strength and weaknesses of the company and summarized the results. The generated results shall be the basis for improving the inventory and waste management system. Feedback Mechanism- The output of this study shall be communicated to the company’s management, and would be available for use of future researchers. Significance of the Study The study shall be beneficial to the following: Management of the company Business owners in the same field Researchers Future Researchers Definition of Terms Inventory- The raw materials, work-in-process goods and completely finished goods that are considered to be the portion of a businesss assets that are ready or will be ready for sale( http://www. investopedia. com/terms/i/inventory. sp). In this study, the inventory pertains to the fuels offered by the company for sale. Normal Loss- is unavoidable losses arising due to the nature of the material or the process (http://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_is_normal_loss_in_cost_accounting). Waste Management- is the  collection,  transport,  processing  or disposal, managing and monitoring of  waste  materials CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The review of related literature shall focus on the practices done by the management in the administration and supervision of its inventory and also he customs and standards used in managing its wastes or loss. A background of how the business operates shall also be included in this section as it is essential for a better understanding of the operation. Gasoline Refueling Station A  filling station,  fueling station,  garage,  gasbar  (Canada),  gas station  (United States and Canada),  petrol bunk  or petrol pump (India),  petrol garage,  petrol kiosk  (Singapore),  petrol station  (United Kingdom, Ireland, Malaysia and Hong Kong),  service station, or  servo  (Australia), is a facility which sells  fuel  and usually  lubricants  for motor vehicles. The most common fuels sold today are  gasoline  (gasoline  or  gas  in the U. S. and Canada, typically  petrol  elsewhere),  diesel fuel, and  electric energy. Filling stations that sell only electric energy are also known as  charging stations. http://www. answers. com/topic/filling-station#ixzz2SiFdPBMW Process of Refilling Cars The Check Valve The route that the  gas  takes from the tanks to the aboveground dispenser isnt terribly complicated, though it may take a few minor twists and turns. When pumping is complete and the pump motor is turned off, the gas inside the pipe doesnt simply fall back into the tank. Instead, its held inside the pipe by a  check valve. The check valve, which is located above the gas inside the pipe, creates an airtight seal above the fluid. Although the bottom of the pipe remains open, the vacuum pressure created by the check valve holds the gas in place. This is a process known as  keeping the prime. Using a check valve to hold the gas inside the pipe prevents unnecessary wear and tear on the suction pump and assures that a supply of gas will remain in the pipe so that the next customer wont have to wait for it to be drawn all the way up from the tank. It may not seem like a big deal, but the process can take 10 to 15 seconds. That isnt a very long wait by any means, but it can be an eternity when youre waiting for gas to be pumped. The power that drives the pumps usually comes from the same electric grid that powers the lights and appliances in your home, though a few states require that service stations maintain a backup power supply in case of power failure. The Flow Meter As a driver, your primary objective at the pump is to get your tank filled so that you can get your  car back on the road. The goal of the service station owner and the company that supplies the  gas, however, is to know just how much gas youve pumped so they can properly charge you for it. Thats where the flow meter comes in. As the gasoline travels upward into the dispenser, it passes through a flow control valve  that regulates the gasolines flow speed. It does this via a plastic diaphragm that gets squeezed more and more tightly into the pipe as the flow of gas increases, always leaving just enough room for the proper amount of gasoline to get through. If youve set a predetermined amount of gas to be pumped, the flow of gas will slow down as you approach the limit. This pipe also contains the  flow meter, which is a cast  iron  or  aluminum  chamber containing a series of gears or a simple rotor that ticks off units of gas as they pass through. Information about the gas flow is passed on to a computer located in the dispenser, which displays the metered amount of gas in tenths of a gallon. As the temperature of the gas changes on particularly hot and cold days, for instance the density of the gas may change, causing an error in the amount of fluid measured by the flow meter. The computer compensates this error by taking the gas temperature into account as it records the flow and adjusts the price accordingly. Wear and tear on the meter may degrade its accuracy over time, which is why periodic inspections are necessary. Typically, inspectors will use a container of a certain volume, pump gas into it and compare the amount in the container with the amount metered on the dispenser. If the amounts dont match, the flow meter will need to be recalibrated and possibly refurbished or replaced. The Blend Valve One of the first things that a customer will notice at the pump is the variety of choices offered. In most cases, a dispenser will offer several grades of  gas   sometimes as many as five each with a different octane rating. The desired octane rating is usually chosen simply by pushing a button. Does this mean that there are five different underground tanks feeding into that dispenser, each offering a different grade of gas? Thats not usually the case. In fact, the dispenser can produce as many grades as it wants from as few as two underground tanks, as long as one tank contains the highest grade of octane available at that station and the other contains the lowest. The grades are blended together at the pump. The precise proportion in which the grades are blended determines the octane of the gas that enters the customers tank. This feat of gas pump bartending is performed by something called a  blend valve. This valve has inputs consisting of two grades of gasoline, each from different tanks. A single, moveable barrier called a  shoe  is connected to both in such a way that it can be moved across the inputs with a single motor-driven ratchet. As the ratchet opens one valve, it closes the other valve in precise but opposite proportion. This means that when one valve is, for example, 90 percent open, the other valve is 10 percent open, creating a mixture that consists of 90 percent of one octane and 10 percent of the other. By shifting the ratchet back and forth, the blend valve can produce any octane of gas, ranging from the highest to the lowest grades stored in the tanks and all octanes in between. The Automatic Shut-off When the customer removes the pump handle from its place on the side of the dispenser, this action activates a switch that starts the dispenser operation. In some cases the switch is spring-loaded and activates automatically; in others, the customer must raise a small lever manually to begin the process. ) At that point, the customer simply inserts the nozzle into the cars gas tank and pulls the lever. Stopping the flow of  gas  is just as simple the customer need only release the lever to cut off the stream of fuel. But what if the tank fills unexpectedly to the brim and the gasoline threa tens to overflow? As anyone whos ever operated a gas pump knows, the pump will switch off automatically. But how does the pump know when to stop pumping? As the gas level in the tank rises, the distance between the dispenser nozzle and the fuel grows smaller. A small pipe called a  venturi  runs alongside the gas nozzle. When the end of the venturi pipe becomes submerged in the rising gas, it chokes off the air pressure that holds the nozzle handle open and shuts down the flow of gas. Unfortunately, this shutdown can sometimes happen before the tank is full as the rapidly flowing gas backs up on its way into the tank. This can cause the gas handle to spring open before pumping is complete, leaving the annoyed customer to squeeze the handle again and risk the possibility of overflow. Pausing briefly will allow the gas to continue into the tank and the pump nozzle to start pouring gas again. Inventory Management Effective inventory management is all about knowing what is on hand, where it is in use, and how much finished product results. Inventory management is the process of efficiently overseeing the constant flow of units into and out of an existing inventory. This process usually involves controlling the transfer in of units in order to prevent the inventory from becoming too high, or dwindling to levels that could put the operation of the company into jeopardy. Competent inventory management also seeks to control the costs associated with the inventory, both from the perspective of the total value of the goods included and the tax burden generated by the cumulative value of the inventory. Balancing the various tasks of  inventory management  means paying attention to three key aspects of any inventory. The first aspect has to do with time. In terms of materials acquired for inclusion in the total inventory, this means understanding how long it takes for a supplier to process an order and execute a delivery. Inventory management also demands that a solid understanding of how long it will take for those materials to transfer out of the inventory be established. Knowing these two important lead times makes it possible to know when to place an order and how many units must be ordered to keep production running smoothly. Calculating what is known as buffer stock is also key to effective inventory management. Essentially, buffer stock is additional units above and beyond the minimum number required to maintain production levels. For example, the manager may determine that it would be a good idea to keep one or two extra units of a given machine part on hand, just in case an emergency situation arises or one of the units proves to be defective once installed. Creating this cushion or buffer helps to minimize the chance for production to be interrupted due to a lack of essential parts in the operation supply inventory. Inventory management is not limited to documenting the delivery of raw materials and the movement of those materials into operational process. The movement of those materials as they go through the various stages of the operation is also important. Typically known as a goods or work in progress inventory, tracking materials as they are used to create finished goods also helps to identify the need to adjust ordering amounts before the raw materials inventory gets dangerously low or is inflated to an unfavorable level. Finally, inventory management has to do with keeping accurate records of finished goods that are ready for shipment. This often means posting the production of newly completed goods to the inventory totals as well as subtracting the most recent shipments of finished goods to buyers. When the company has a return policy in place, there is usually a sub-category contained in the finished goods inventory to account for any returned goods that are reclassified as refurbished or second grade quality. Accurately maintaining figures on the finished goods inventory makes it possible to quickly convey information to sales personnel as to what is available and ready for shipment at any given time. In addition to maintaining control of the volume and movement of various inventories, inventory management also makes it possible to prepare accurate records that are used for accessing any taxes due on each inventory type. Without precise data regarding unit volumes within each phase of the overall operation, the company cannot accurately calculate the tax amounts. This could lead to underpaying the taxes due and possibly incurring stiff penalties in the event of an independent audit. Inventory Storage The Gasoline Storage Tanks The  gasoline  sold at service stations is stored underground in buried tanks. Each holds several thousand gallons of gas. There are at least two of these tanks per station and each tank usually holds a different grade of gas. Having the gas tanks underground presents an obvious problem: If the gas must get to a dispenser (and your cars gas tank) located above ground, it has to defy gravity in order to get there like a waterfall flowing uphill. But moving the gas from its subterranean hideaway up to street level isnt as difficult as you might think. Most service stations do the job using one of two types of pump a submersible pump or a suction pump: * A  submersible pump, as its name implies, is submerged below the surface of the liquid, where it uses a propellerlike device called an  impeller  to move the fuel upward. Slanted blades on the rotating impeller push the water the way the blades on an  electric  fan push air. * A  suction pump  moves the gas using the principle of  unequal pressure. A pipe is inserted in the water. A motor above the fluid level removes enough air from the pipe to decrease the air pressure above the gasoline. The motor continues to remove air until the air pressure above the gasoline is lower than the air pressure pushing down on the gas outside the pipe. The weight of the surrounding air forces the gas inside the pipe upward even as  gravity  tries to pull it back down. When the air pressure inside the pipe is low enough, the gas simply climbs up into the aboveground dispenser. The major advantage of a submersible pump over a suction pump is that the impeller can push water over longer vertical distances. However, because the gas tanks at most service stations are located only a few feet below the dispenser, a suction pump is usually more than adequate for the task at hand. Inventory Control Petrol and other motor fuels are inherently hazardous. At room temperatures petrol gives off flammable vapours which, when mixed with air, will burn with explosive force if ignited. If released into the environment, it is also injurious to aquatic life and presents a particular risk to drinking water supplies. Whenever petrol leaks or escapes from an underground storage tank or pipelines it can travel significant distances dependent on whether there is a high water-table or underground river in the vicinity. Petrol can find its way into basements of buildings and public drains with serious consequences should the vapours come into contact with an ignition source. The level of risk is increased when petrol stations are located in urban areas, as then they are frequently surrounded by private or commercial premises thereby necessitating early detection of leaks and corrective action. Therefore the need for consistent and accurate monitoring of petrol delivered, stored and dispensed at any petrol station in order to detect leaks from each underground tank and connected pipeline system is essential. To reduce the risks from petrol leaking from an underground tank or pipeline it must be detected at the earliest possible time and its escape prevented. For new or recently refurbished petrol stations automatic detection systems can be incorporated into the underground tank and pipeline installation to monitor for leaks and raise an alarm. However, for older petrol stations this is not always feasible and some other method must be adopted to provide a similar level of leak detection. These guidelines are intended to outline a manual system of leak detection suitable for use in older petrol stations. The Dangerous Substances (Retail and Private Petroleum Stores)Regulations, 1979 amp; 1988 requires the periodic recording of the tank contents and dispenser pump meter readings for all underground storage tanks, for the purpose of precautions against the risk of leakage of petrol, where †¢ the soundness or integrity of a tank is suspect, or the tank has been installed for over 20 years, or †¢ it is specified as a licence condition, or †¢ it is required by a Licensing Authority Notice. These mandatory records can be utilised as the basis of an early warning system in the form of wetstock inventory control to help detect any escape of petrol from underground storage tanks and pipelines. Equipment and Procedure s To properly implement a wetstock inventory control system certain procedures must be followed and appropriate equipment must be in place. Dipstick / Tank Gauging Underground petrol storage tanks may be measured by using the tank dipstick. The dipstick should be clearly marked to indicate the quantity measured starting with zero at the bottom. The end of the dipstick must not be worn or cut off and the dipstick should not be warped. The dipstick must be made of non-sparking material. If the dipstick is wooden it must be varnished to prevent petrol creeping up the stick above the actual level in the tank thus preventing a false reading. Mechanical or electronic remote tank level gauges may also be used. These units should already be installed where the underground petrol storage tanks are filled through offset fill-pipes. The gauges should be installed, calibrated and maintained according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Water in petrol detection All underground petrol storage tanks should be checked for water in the bottom of the tank at least once a month. Water-finding paste may be used for this, the paste changes colour when it comes into contact with water. The results should be recorded on the Weekly Loss / Gain Sheet. Records Tank dips, dispenser pump meter readings and the results of all calculations should be permanently recorded on suitable forms. Samples forms are included at the back of this booklet. Tank chart A tank chart contains the detail needed to convert the level of liquid measured on a tank dipstick into litres for each tank. Note: Tank charts and dipsticks are unique to each tank and can only be used with the specific tank for which they were produced. Dipsticks may already be marked to read the number of litres or gallons in a tank. If your dipstick is marked in gallons then you must multiply this number by 4. 4 to get litres. Dispenser Pump Meter Most modern petrol dispensers will have meters that record the total number of litres dispensed. The calibration of these meters should be checked and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the pump manufacturer. Manifolded tanks If there are two tanks connected by a siphon pipe then these tanks must be treated as a single unit. All re adings should be combined and a single calculation made as if you are dealing with a single tank. Step 1 Dip Your Tanks The contents of all petrol storage tanks must be measured at the same time every day. Measurements may be taken using either a dipstick or a remote t a n k c o n t e n t s g a u g e . NOTE: No petrol can be added or taken from the tank while carrying out this STEP Dipstick method Slowly and gently lower the dipstick until it touches the tank’s bottom. Quickly raise the dipstick and read the level of petrol or number of gallons/litres in the tank. The use of fuel finding paste can make it easier to read the dipstick and make the reading more accurate. Fuel finding paste is similar to water finding past except it changes colour on contact with petroleum fuel. Convert the tank contents measurements to litres if necessary and record in a separate daily loss/gain sheet kept for each tank. Copies of these sheets may be found at the back of this booklet. Step 2 Read Pump Meter Readings from all petrol pump meters must be taken at the same time as the tanks are dipped. NOTE: No petrol can be added or taken from the tank while carrying out this STEP. The petrol pump meter reading totals must be recorded on the daily loss / gain sheet for the tank to which they are connected. Where more than one dispenser is connected to a single tank then the meter readings should be added together. The totals from the petrol pump meter readings must be subtracted from the totals for the previous day to give the amount dispensed from each tank for that day. The total dispensed must be recorded on the daily loss / gain sheet. Step 3 Record Petrol Deliveries If a delivery of petrol has been made into a tank the amount must be measured and included in the loss or gain calculation for that day. Before the delivery begins the tank contents should be measured and recorded. After the delivery, wait about 5 minutes for the petrol level to stabilise in the tank, and then measure the contents again. Subtract the tank contents before delivery from the tank contents after delivery to get the amount delivered and record this amount on the daily loss/gain sheet for the tank. To make sure all the petrol delivered has gone into the correct tank, and as an extra check compare the amount delivered as calculated with the amount on the delivery docket. Both amounts should match roughly. Step 4 Daily Loss/Gain When all tank dips, petrol deliveries and pump meter readings are recorded then the daily loss or gain must be calculated. DON’T FORGET: Where two tanks and connected by a siphon tube the figures for both tanks must be combined. First the previous days tank dip is added to any petrol deliveries made. Second the amount dispensed is subtracted from that result to get the book stock. This figure will be the amount of petrol that should be in the tank. Next today’s tank dip is subtracted from the book stock figure to give the amount of litres lost or gained. Note: This result will show positive ( + ) for a gain and negative ( ) for a loss. The result must also be recorded as a percentage by multiplying the daily loss or gain by 100 and dividing by the tank size in litres. Note: This result will also show positive ( + ) for a gain and negative ( ) for a loss. At the end of each week the daily loss / gain totals must then be added up taking note of the positive and negative values to get a weekly loss / gain. Step 5 Weekly Loss/Gain The amount of book stock may not always match exactly the amount measured at each tank dip. The differences (loss or gain)may be explained by a number of reasons †¢ the accuracy and skill of the person taking the dip, or †¢ correct interpolation when the liquid level lies between the marks on the dipstick, or †¢ petrol has leaked from the tank, or †¢ water has leaked into the tank due to a high water table. Persons taking tank dips must exercise due care to ensure consistency in the results obtained and thus give a truer picture of what is happening with the petrol in the tanks. Failure to do this will mean unnecessary expense in investigating possible leaks from tanks and pipelines. However, as required by law, the main purpose of a wetstock inventory control system is to get the earliest possible warning that a tank may be leaking. Therefore the calculated weekly loss and gain results must be recorded on Weekly Loss / Gain Sheets. These sheets can then be used to compare loss and gain trends over time and appropriate action taken by staff if significant and or unexplained results emerge at any time. Accordingly, the site owner or operator must review the loss and gain trends at least once a month and the persons who fill in these forms must be aware of the action to take when loss or gains exceed acceptable levels. Step 6 Leakproofness Testing A wetstock inventory control system even when used with good record keeping will not by itself be sufficient to ensure that petrol storage tanks or pipelines will not leak. The most effective arrangements are for an inventory control system to operate in conjunction with periodic leakproofness testing. Leakproofness testing should be carried out at two-year intervals for tanks between 20 and 30 year old. For tanks more than 30 years in service annual leakproofness testing is required. Tanks can be tested by means of either hydraulic or precision testing methods. However, due to the difficulties associated with the disposal of contaminated water the use of precision testing methods is the preferred option. Precision testing systems must be capable of detecting a leak of 380ml per hour from any portion of the petrol storage tank and pipelines. The testing equipment used must be certified as meeting a recognised standard such as that used by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Suspected Leak Action Plan Small losses or gains, indicated by a wetstock inventory control system, from any petrol storage tank installation are normal and usually due to a number of factors such as †¢ the accuracy of tank dips and pump meters readings, †¢ the accuracy of loss / gain calculations, †¢ losses due to evaporation of petrol through tank vents, †¢ temperature difference between deliveries and petrol in tank. Therefore it is important that the loss / gain pattern or trend in the daily and weekly sheets are recognised and taken into account in deciding on what type of action is required to investigate a possible leak. Losses or gains which are steadily getting worse, suddenly increase or change from a loss to a gain and / or back again may indicate that a leak has occurred and should be investigated. Purchasing of Inventory Retailers obtain gasoline supplies based on the nature of their relationship with their suppliers, and because there are several different ways that retailers can purchase gasoline, the cost structure and availability of gasoline may vary greatly from one retailer to another – even those operating under the same gasoline brand. There are three primary supply arrangements influencing a retailer’s operations: . Major Oil Owned and Operated: Major Oil Owned and Operated: These retail locations receive product directly from the corporation’s refinery assets and their profit or loss is integrated into that of the corporation. 2. Branded Independent Retailer: These are retail gasoline facilities that are operated by independent business owners who sign a supply c ontract and sell gasoline under a brand owned or controlled by a refining company. Not every contract is drafted equally, and various market conditions can influence the terms of the contract. Branded retailers pay a slight surcharge per gallon for using the refiner’s brand, benefiting from the supplier’s marketing and ensuring a more secure supply of product. Their refiner supplier establishes their wholesale costs. When supplies are constrained, these retailers are given a higher level of priority for accessing product, although access to supplies may be restricted. 3. Unbranded Independent Retailer: These are retail gasoline facilities operated by independent business owners who do not sell gasoline under a brand owned or controlled by a refining company. These retailers purchase gasoline from the unbranded wholesale market, which is made up of gallons not dedicated to fulfill a refiner’s contracts. These retailers do not pay a marketing surcharge like their branded competitors do; consequently, unbranded gasoline is typically sold at all levels of trade for a lower price than branded gasoline. However, when supplies are constrained, these retailers have the lowest level of priority to access gasoline, often incur the largest wholesale price increases and may be completely denied access to product. Their wholesale costs are also established by the refiner supplier(s). A company’s supply contracts and size determine its options for obtaining gasoline. Branded independent retailers have one option for gasoline: the refiner that provides it with supply. Some larger unbranded independent retailers also may have contracts with a specific refiner, or even multiple refiners. Others may simply purchase product off the open market. Most retailers are small businesses that obtain their gasoline at a terminal, also known as â€Å"the rack. † Prices at the terminal are known as â€Å"spot† prices, and these typically experience the most price volatility. For those purchasing fuel at the rack, there are two options for delivery. Some companies may elect to have gasoline delivered to their stores by a â€Å"jobber† who delivers fuel to their store – branded or unbranded – for a delivery fee. Other retailers have invested in their own fleets of trucks that go to a specific terminal – or terminals – to obtain gasoline. These companies may also serve as jobbers to other retailers. Some larger unbranded retailers may purchase gasoline futures, attempting to lock in specific prices for delivery on a specific date in the future. This type of purchase, commonly referred to as â€Å"hedging,† helps these retailers manage their costs in anticipation of volatile wholesale prices. http://www. brabhamoil. com/new_images/pdf/getsell. pdf Retail Gasoline Pricing Retail motor fuel pricing is a complex relationship between wholesale costs and competitive market analysis. Wholesale Costs Wholesale gasoline is a commodity that is traded on the open market. As such, its price can change by the minute, which may influence the cost structure for a retailer. On average, retailers sell approximately 4,000 gallons of fuel each day and receive about three deliveries (approximately 9,000 gallons per delivery) each week. Higher volume retailers may receive multiple deliveries each day depending on their storage capacity. Considering the volatility of wholesale prices, the cost of each delivery can vary significantly even within a short time frame. Competitive Considerations While wholesale costs are a significant factor in retailer prices, the retail pricing decision also is heavily influenced by market conditions and local competition. Ultimately, movements in wholesale gasoline prices influence the cost structure of a retail facility, but competition for customers will dictate the store’s profitability. Consumer research, as reported in the 2008 gas price kit, reveals that price is the most important criteria when consumers select a gasoline retailer. Nearly one-third of consumers will go out of their way to save as little as three cents per gallon. Consequently, retailers must ensure their posted fuel prices are competitive within their market. It is critical that posted fuel prices at worst do not deter in-store customers from visiting a particular retail location, for it is from these customers that convenience retailers generate most of their profits. Convenience retailers establish a target retail price based on the wholesale costs of the fuel, operating costs associated with selling the fuel, and a desired profit margin. This target retail price is then adjusted in accordance with competitive pressures, as the retailer seeks to set a price on fuel that will maximize customer traffic inside the store and generate the greatest overall profitability for the location. Fuel Profitability As wholesale prices change daily, retailers are forced to constantly adjust their target retail price. However, because not every retailer receives deliveries at the same time nor incurs the same change in wholesale prices, competition does not always allow the retailer to immediately or completely adjust for changes in costs. This creates a volatile situation in which retail fuel profitability fluctuates continuously. Consequently, it is important for retailers to evaluate the profitability of their fuel operations over a period of time rather than at any one particular moment. When wholesale prices are increasing, competition often prevents the retailer from passing the higher costs through to the consumer immediately, resulting in a lower retail markup and reducing the retailer’s profitability. However, once wholesale prices stabilize or begin to decline, competition often enables retailers to maintain retail prices for a while, thereby increasing their markup and recovering the profits lost when wholesale prices were rising. Over time, the average retail markup remains relatively stable. Replacement Costs Complicating a retailer’s ability to set competitive prices as wholesale prices move is the challenge of maintaining sufficient operating capital to cover the cost of the product that will replace the inventory being sold. A gasoline retailer typically seeks to establish a retail price based on the cost of replacing the gasoline currently at the retail location – not the cost of that product itself. Basing prices on â€Å"replacement costs† is especially critical when wholesale prices fluctuate frequently. A retailer must generate sufficient cash from its current retail sales to purchase its next delivery of gasoline; otherwise, the retailer would be constantly using debt to finance wholesale gasoline purchases. With pricing influenced by replacement costs, there can be consumer misperceptions when gasoline prices rise, as some consumers observe prices changing at a retail location even though the station did not receive a new shipment of gasoline. However, the store may be responding to a notice from its supplier that explains how much the next shipment will cost. But even these decisions to respond to anticipated changes in wholesale costs are strongly influenced by competitive pressures and, often, a retailer is unable to adjust retail prices to match the change in wholesale costs. When prices retreat, market competition again influences a retailer’s pricing decisions. During these periods, consumer interest in prices wanes and they usually don’t notice that prices dropped even though a new shipment has not arrived. Price Variation in a Given Market Area Because of consumer price sensitivity, retailers know the importance of setting their price to be as competitive as possible in a market area. If their retail price is significantly higher – for whatever the reason – retailers lose not just the gas sale, but any chance of capturing the additional in-store sale. But, the fact remains that costs can vary in a market area, and that the retailer with the highest retail price may not be making the most money per gallon. Depending on the terms of supply arrangements, operating expenses and other factors, the store with the highest price in a market might actually realize less profit per gallon than the competition. There are usually several factors that could contribute, and some or all of them could be at work in a given area: Taxes: Competition does not recognize political boundaries, so the impact of varying tax policies on individual retailers can be quite different – a competitor operating in a higher taxed jurisdiction is at a disadvantage compared to the retailer in a lower taxed area. †¢ Proximity to Product: Distribution costs affect the retail price of gas. In some cases, being a few dozen miles further away from a terminal can have a significant impact on costs. While most metropolitan areas are located near several wholesale terminals, retailers in more rural areas may be forced to drive more than 100 miles to obtain supplies. Fuel Requirements: Fuel requirements vary by region, state and even county. In general, the more densely populated areas of the country are required to sell a different blend of fuel in the summer months. †¢ Business Costs: Rent is a considerable expense for retailers in some areas. Highly desirable locations cost more to operate. Across the country, factors include whether the site is owned or leased, when the property was bought or leased and the terms of this contract. These all can play a role in the costs required to sell fuel. Market Conditions: Some high-volume retailers may get new deliveries multiple times a day, but even average retailers get new deliveries several times a week. Whe n wholesale prices are fluctuate rapidly, the day – or even the time of day – that fuel is delivered can significantly impact the cost. Today it is not uncommon to see wholesale prices move 10 cents or more in a given day. †¢ Brand: A branded retailer typically pays a premium for fuel from a branded supplier in exchange for marketing support, supply guarantees, imaging assistance and other benefits, including the value of the brand, which is still important to many customers. However, when supplies are tight, these retailers may see lower wholesale costs. In extreme cases, there is a â€Å"market inversion,† where branded retailers are selling fuel for a price less than unbranded retailers can find it on the spot market. Other factors that could impact the branded retailers’ costs are the terms of the contract, and market conditions at the time the contract was signed. Finally, there are situations where the branded supplier offers discounts to retailers in highly competitive areas, and these discounts may not be available to a retailer selling the same brand a short distance away where competition is less severe. Pricing Strategy: Ultimately, retailers examine how they want to go to market. The vast majority adjust their markup on gas depending upon current market conditions, settling for a lower markup when prices rise in return for the potential to make up for the lost margin when prices fall. A smaller percentage of retailers seek to hav e consistent, predictable margins throughout the year. When prices are rising, they may have a price higher than the completion; when prices fall, the reverse is true. http://www. brabhamoil. com/new_images/pdf/getsell. pdf