In the United States, great efforts have been made to...

In the United States, great efforts have been made to reduce morbidity and mortality from tobacco use, but progress in decreasing the prevalence of tobacco use has slowed. Annually, tobacco use results in nearly 500,000 deaths, and is one of the primary causes of avoidable morbidity and mortality in society.1 Healthcare professionals such as physicians can make a positive impact on the rates of tobacco use cessation among patient smokers by using proper counseling.2 Physicians have been trained to make such interventions during scheduled appointment with patients by using the 5 A’s approach, which involves asking patients about tobacco use during each visit, advising those who use tobacco to quit, assessing readiness to quit, assisting†¦show more content†¦An abbreviated version of the 5 A’s approach known as the Ask-Advise-Refer (AAR) Method has been used in settings when time is a factor.2,6 The â€Å"Refer† component of this method involves referring patients to a tobacco cessation quitline if they are interested in quitting. Tobacco cessation quitlines have been referenced as an effective way to help patients quit smoking.2,4 Research mentions that there are different ways to refer patient to quitlines, including fax referrals and information brochures and cards.6-7 Although they have been shown to help patients, tobacco quitlines are drastically underutilized due to low referral rates from healthcare settings.11 An update from a 2009-2010 National Adult Tobacco Survey found that smokers were aware of state quitlines but did not actually use them.12 These quitlines are estimated to influence merely 1-2% of the U.S. smoking population annually. Of those that quit smoking, only 7.8% used quitlines to accomplish cessation.12 Proactive measures must be taken to disseminate tools for cessation such as quitlines. The Ask-Advise-Connect (AAC) is a new method that has been studied by Vidrine et al.13 This strategy explores the use of using an automated system to connect patient tobacco users to a quitline directly from an electronic health recordShow MoreRelatedThe Use Of Tobacco Products During Pregnancy1326 Words   |  6 PagesThe use of tobacco products during pregnancy has influenced the outcomes of infants’ birth in multiple ways. Maternal smoking during pregnancy impairs fetal growth and decreases gestational age thus, increasing several risk factors in the neonatal population. These risk factors are low birth weight (LBW), and premature birth. There is a strong correlation between both risk factors as it relates to neonatal long-term morbidity and also mortality. Infants who are born preterm accounts for a largeRead MoreA Viable Fetus1455 Words   |  6 Pages22-24 weeks of gestation. Thes e infants are at the verge of viability and sometimes resuscitation can lead to morbidity or mortality. Whether health care providers resuscitate or not is an ethical dilemma which all health care providers and family members have to struggle with when it comes to the premature baby as small as the viable fetus. Although recommendations have been made by organizations including the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Nuffield Council on Bioethics, the decisionRead More Global Public Health Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagesincrease global resilience for â€Å"complex health emergencies†. Identifying both the modifications to public health systems and looking closely from the history of managing environmental and other threats to the public health sector increases the world’s adaptive capacity to more effectively cope and manage with public health emergencies. Major advances have been made during the past decade in the way the international community responds to challenges of complex emergencies. 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Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the worlds worst pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute Worlds Worst Polluted Places report.[1] An air pollutant is known as a substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the environment. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. In addition, they may be natural or man-made.[2] PollutantsRead MoreEssay Advantages and Disadvantages Online Business3895 Words   |  16 PagesSOLUTION BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES AT WORKPROSES INTRODUCTION OF ORGANIZATION CEMENT INDUSTRIES OF MALAYSIA BERHAD Cement Industries of Malaysia Berhad (CIMA ) group of companies (CIMA Group or the Group) has been involved in the manufacturing and distribution of cement and related activities since 1975. CIMA is 100% owned by UEM Group Berhad which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Khazanah Nasional Berhad, an investment arm of the government of Malaysia. 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The geriatric assessment differs from a standard medical evaluation in three general ways: (1) it focuses on elderly individuals with complex problems, (2) it emphasizes functional status and quality of life, and (3) it frequently takes advantage of an interdisciplinary team of providersRead MoreNanotech 1AC Essay13565 Words   |  55 Pagestierramerica.info/nota.php?lang=engidnews=3920olt=568, AC) MEXICO CITY, Mar 12 (Tierramà ©rica).- Nanotechnology, which is currently unregulated in Mexico, could pose serious threats to human health and the environment, cautions a new study. Far from a policy of precaution vis-à  -vis these new technologies, products are entering the market without regulation to guarantee their safety or labels to inform of their use, researcher Guillermo Foladori of the public Autonomous University of ZacatecasRead MoreCongestive Heart Failure Essay6560 Words   |  27 Pagesclinical syndrome that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricles to fill with or eject blood† (King, Kingery, amp; Casey, 2012, p. 1). Heart failure can be seen as a widespread disease, affecting around five million Americans. (Titler et al. n.d.) It is a chronic condition that is disabling and costly and common to our aging population. With the advancement in therapy and early diagnosis, survival increases from pre viously fatal acute cardiac

Abortion Is a Social Failure Free Essays

Leanna Sullivan English 111 Christina Forsyth April 4, 2009 â€Å"Abortion Is a Social Failure† Abortion is said to be â€Å"a woman’s choice. † Women do have the choice, the choice should be to do what is best for their child whether the pregnancy is planned or not. The resources should be made available for the mother to do that. We will write a custom essay sample on Abortion Is a Social Failure or any similar topic only for you Order Now There should be more funding for public services and health care for extremely low income families. Abortion is wrong and it harms the society that we live in. In 1973, the U. S. Supreme Court made abortion on demand the law of the land. With Roe v. Wade, the Court forced America to revoke the commitment to â€Å"life, liberty and justice for all. † Abortion advocates guaranteed us that making abortion easy would mean â€Å"’every child a wanted child’,†(Mealey) which would reduce child abuse and it would reduce crime. Those unwanted children who often develop into criminals would never be born. This would decrease murder rates and criminal activity; thus for, those unwanted children would never have the opportunity to act out and disrupt society. â€Å"It would protect vulnerable women from being butchered by untrained abortionists cashing in on their desperation. Widespread abortion could only lead to stronger women, stronger families and a stronger society, they promised. † (Mealey) With almost 46 million â€Å"unwanted† children murdered because of abortion since 1973 ruling, there should have been a decrease in child abuse. That did not happen. In 2003, nearly 1 million children were victims of abuse and neglected, experts calculated approximately that â€Å"three times that number was actually abused. Almost 1,500 children died of their injuries that year, according to the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, which reports that all types of child abuse have increased since 1980. The plan to reduce crime by getting rid of the possible perpetrators’ just did not work out the way they wanted it to. Children were murdered to decrease murder rates and criminal activity. Also, according to Yale University law professor John Lott and Australian economist John Whitley, states that legalized abortion noticed higher h omicide rates almost every year between 1976 and 1998. They found that legalizing abortion increased state murder rates up to 7 percent. The plan to reduce crime by getting rid of possible perpetrators did not work either. Abortion can be a public health issue. In countries where abortion is not legal, approximately, 20 million women have unsafe abortion each year. (Fisanick) If legal abortion is not available, women will danger their health to end an unplanned pregnancy. Abortion is legal because the rights of the mother surpass the rights of the fetus and the fetus shows no sign of brain activity until well into the second trimester. The United States has tried to defend the rights of the fetus, but no one can determine the boundaries. Every year 45 million pregnancies end in abortion. Almost half of those abortions are medically unsafe, and end in the deaths of nearly 70,000 women. (Fisanick) When death does not occur from unsafe abortion, women can have long-term disabilities, such as uterine perforation, chronic pelvic pain or pelvic inflammatory disease. Therefore, making abortion legal and available are public health issues. â€Å"Criminalizing abortion does not save babies; it kills mothers. † () However, now it is safe with medical and surgical methods. Many countries have legalized abortion. According to the United Nations Population Fund, Where abortion is safe and legal, rates of abortion tend to be low. In contrast to the claim that thousands of women died because of illegal abortion before the ruling of Roe v. Wade, the actually figure for the deaths reported was only 263 in 1950. In 1970 that total even dropped to 119 deaths of women due to abortion. Legalizing abortion was supposed to eliminate the chance that a woman would be injured or killed during an abortion. Even though abortion is legal, it is still the fifth leading cause of pregnant women in the United States. (Mealey) In the Miami Herald, there was a story ran about a local abortion clinic. A woman died because of the conditions of the clinic. Another woman was mutilated. Abortion advocates knew about the clinic’s conditions but did not say anything because of political reasons. Now, how in anyone’s right mind could they allow such horrendous acts to take place is beyond me. Just to keep the peace no one said anything. Abortions are legal to benefit the mother, so if the mother is dead or mutilated how did she receive any help. Needless to say, the most frequent gynecologic emergencies are problems preceding an abortion performed in a self-supporting clinic. (Mealey) Banning abortion as the consequence of denying women right to use a procedure that may be needed for their enjoyment of their right to health, according to the human rights act. Only women can experience the physical and emotional aspects of unwanted pregnancy. Some women suffer maternity-related injuries, such as hemorrhage or obstructed labor. Denying women access to medical services that en able them to regulate their fertility or terminate a dangerous pregnancy amounts to a refusal to provide health care that only women need. Women are consequently exposed to health risks not experienced by men. Laws that deny the availability to abortion, have the purpose of denying a women’s capacity to make responsible decisions about their bodies and their lives. Indeed, governments may find the potential consequences of allowing women to make such decisions threatening in some circumstances. Recognizing women’s sexual and reproductive autonomy contradicts long-standing social norms that render women lower to men in their families and communities. It is not surprising that unwillingness to allow women to make their own decisions. Many Americans see abortion as â€Å"necessary† to avert â€Å"the back alley. In this sense, the notion of legal abortion as a â€Å"necessary evil† is based on a series of myths widely disseminated since the 1960s. These myths captured the public mind and have yet to be rebutted. One to two million illegal abortions occurred annually before legalization. In fact, the annual total in the few years before abortion on demand was no mo re than tens of thousands and most likely fewer. Thousands of women died annually from abortions before legalization. As a leader in the legalization movement, Abortion law targeted women rather than abortionists before legalization. In fact, the nearly uniform policy of the states for nearly a century before 1973 was to treat the woman as the second victim of abortion. Legalized abortion has been good for women. In fact, women still die from legal abortion, and the general impact on health has had many negative consequences, including the physical and psychological toll that many women bear, the epidemic of sexually transmitted disease, the general coarsening of male-female relationships over the past 30 years, the threefold increase in the repeat-abortion rate, and the increase in hospitalizations from ectopic pregnancies. A generation of Americans educated by these myths sees little alternative to legalized abortion. It is commonly believed that prohibitions on abortion would not reduce abortion and only push thousands of women into â€Å"the back alley† where many would be killed or injured. Prohibitions would mean no fewer abortions and more women injured or killed. The better approach would be to make abortion less necessary. The first thing that needs to be done is to reduce the occurrence of unplanned pregnancy. Half of all pregnancies are unplanned and out of that half, half of them get abortions. If we showed dedication for getting out the information about abstinence and contraception; and public funding for family planning services, I know more women would be willing to keep their babies. Women who are able to avoid unplanned pregnancy do not have to make the decision of whether to have an abortion. Unfortunately, there will always be some unplanned pregnancies. Therefore, once a woman finds herself with an unplanned pregnancy, another way to reduce abortion is to guarantee that she has the resources to have and raise a child. One of the two most common reasons women choose abortion is because they cannot manage to pay for another child. Providing low-income women with education, career opportunities, Works Cited Brown, Diana. â€Å"Abortion Should Not Be Restricted. † At Issue: Should Abortion Rights Be Restricted?. Ed. Auriana Ojeda. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2003. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Ivy Tech – Terre Haute. 14 Feb. 2009 http://find. galegroup. com. terrehaute. libproxy. ivytech. edu. allstate. libproxy. ivytech. edu/ovrc/infomark. do? amp;contentSet=GSRCtype=retrievetabID=T010prodId=OVRCdocId=EJ3010287203source=galeuserGroupName=ivytech16version=1. 0. Mealey, Misty. â€Å"Abortion Is a Social Failure. † Current Controversies: The Abortion Controversy. Ed. Emma Bernay. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2007. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Ivy Tech – Terre Haute. 11 Feb. 2009 http://find. galegroup. com. terrehaute. libproxy. ivytech. edu. allstat e. libproxy. ivytech. edu/ovrc/infomark. do? contentSet=GSRCtype=retrievetabID=T010prodId=OVRCdocId=EJ3010034239amp How to cite Abortion Is a Social Failure, Papers

Evil By Edgar Alan Poe Essay Example For Students

Evil By Edgar Alan Poe Essay Evil By Edgar Alan PoeBorn in 1809, Edgar Alan Poe is considered by many critics and fans of literature to be one of the greatest writers of all time.He was born into a strict religious environment.His father constantly abused him.His family was considered very dysfunctional, which is part of the reason his stories always have an evil tint to them (Basuray).Almost every one of Poes stories tend to have a dark and macabre feel to them.His beliefs on God and morals also had much to do with the way he wrote.He did not attend church or believe his stories should carry some high moral purpose.He believed that the church and morals in stories were just mans way of trying to interpret what God wanted.He believed that his critics, including members of the church, had no right to tell him how they should live.This did not mean that he did not believe that people should do evil deeds and not get punished.Poes belief was that the worst punishment came not from outside the person but from withi n a persons own subconscious thoughts (Grantz).Many of Poes characters commit unspeakable evil acts, which are then counterbalanced by their own subconscious need to be free of the evil deeds that they have committed. The first story we will examine is The Black Cat.This story first appeared in the United States Saturday Post (The Saturday Evening Post) on August 19, 1843 (Womak).The story opens with the narrator deciding to record the events that led him to murder his wife and the cat as he awaits his execution the next day.The narrator is first described as a gentle, loving man who would never hurt a fly.He has a pet cat that he loves more than anything in the world.After some years, the narrator develops a drinking problem and starts to become irritable and violent, not only to people but also to his pets.Late one night after drinking excessively at the bar, the man returns home.Upon the mans arrival at the house, Pluto, the cat tries to avoid him most likely because his now violent temper.The man grabs Pluto, which startles the cat who reacts by biting the mans hand.The man was so enraged by the cats reaction that he pulls out his penknife and cuts the cats eye out.The gravity of what he has d one to his favorite pet weighed on his mind over the next few days.He decides to go ahead and kill the cat because he can not bear to look at the one-eyed monstrosity he had created, so he hung the poor animal.The same night, following the cats hanging, while everyone slept the mans house caught on fire.The whole house burned down except for one wall that had a burn mark on it.The mark on the wall looked exactly like a cat being hung with a noose around its neck.He feels very remorseful over what he has done and misses his cat very much.One night at the bar, he spots a cat that looks exactly like his old cat even down to the missing eye.The only difference between the cats is the new one has a white patch of fur where Pluto had none.He takes the animal home with him that night.His wife is quickly enamored of the animal and completely falls in love with the cat.Over time, the missing eye of the new cat starts to drive the man crazy and he wishes to be rid of the animal.He does not wa nt to remember what he did to Pluto nor does he want to remember the image burnt into the wall after the fire, but both of these things keep him from doing anything to the cat.One night the man, no longer able to deal with his own thoughts and feelings, goes down stairs and gets the axe to finally kill the animal.His wife sees what is going on and tries to stop him.This only enrages the man even further, and he drives the axe into his wifes head.Shortly after the act, he realizes what his has done and decides he must get rid of the body.After much debate and many different ideas he decides to wall her up in the cellar, as the monks of the Middle Ages were recorded to have done to their victims.After he finishes bricking her into the wall, he decides it is time to find the cat.He searches all over the house to find the accursed animal and never does.He decides that the cat must have fled the house when he saw what was happening.A few days later the police come to the house to search for the wife fearing foul play.They searched high and low but found no signs of foul play.They were just on their way out when the man started going on about how well the house was bui..lt.In attempt to prove his point, the man hit the wall with his cane and as soon as he did there was a loud, almost childlike scream that would not stop.The police tore down the wall to find the wifes body and the cat, which had been buried with the body. .u4a3b6c07e571e5954308dcff4edaf5c4 , .u4a3b6c07e571e5954308dcff4edaf5c4 .postImageUrl , .u4a3b6c07e571e5954308dcff4edaf5c4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; 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vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4a3b6c07e571e5954308dcff4edaf5c4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Educational Psychology EssayThe next story to discuss is The Tell-Tale Heart written in 1843.This story begins like The Black Cat with the main character, the narrator, explaining why he had murdered someone.The narrator goes on to explain that he loved the old man.He had no need for the old mans money, and the old man had never wronged him in anyway.He had the eye of a vulture-a pale blue eye, with a film over it. That eye was what drove him to kill the old man.Every night the narrator would sneak into the mans room.One night he woke the man.He stood there waiting for the man to go back to sleep.The old man never did; he simply sat there waiting for what would come next.T he old man never knew that it was the speaker standing there.Then the lantern opened just a bit, but it shone directly on the eye, the cause of the speakers hatred.It was at that moment that the speaker could stand the eye no more and flung the lantern open and jumped into the room giving the man a heart attack and killing him.He decided to cut the body up and he hid it under the boards in the den.A short time later the police arrived after a neighbor had notified them because of hearing the old man scream.The scream was disturbing to the neighbors not only because of the hour but also because the old man was normally so quiet.While sitting talking to the police, the speaker kept hearing the old mans heartbeat.It finally drove him to scream out what he had done and where he had hidden the body. Both of these stories give us examples of a man being forced to deal with the evil that lives within him.The speakers in these stories begin as good men.Then, something inside of them cracks, and they become monsters.In the Black Cat the man goes as far from the norm as possible by putting an axe into his wifes head and then hiding the body in the wall.The narrator in the story shows no signs of remorse for his evil act and seems to have no pity for the lives he has destroyed.The same can be said about The Tell-Tale Heart the man shows no obvious signs that the ghastly murder bothers him in the least.In the end, justice is served in both of these stories not so much that the police caught them but in the fact that their own minds could not tolerate nor deal with the evil deeds they had done.This is common with many of Poes characters such as in The Cask of Amantiago and The Imp of the Perverse.In the end it all comes back to Poes belief that man must ultimately answer to himself and his own subconscious for any actions he takes.I think Martha Womack said it best about Poes characters propensity for evil when she said, The capacity for violence and horror lies within each of us, no matter how docile and humane our dispositions might appear.Works CitedBasuray, Ashish.An archetypal approach to his writings. The Poe Analysis(1996): n. pag. Online.Internet.11 Mar.1999.Available; geocities.com/siliconvalley/pines/1167/Canada, Mark.Ed. Edgar Allan Poe.Canadas America. (1997): n. pag. Online.Internet.5 Mar.1999. Available: uncp.edu/home/canada/work/canam/poe.htmCampos, Denny.Interpetive Essay(Edgar Allan Poe) Science Academy.(1997): n. pag.Online.Internet. 4 Apr.1999.Available: chico.rice.edu/armadillo/sciacademy/camposd/essay/htmGrantz, David Edgar Allan Poes Eureka: I have found it! Poe Decoder.(1995): n.pag. Online.Internet. 1 Mar.1999.Available: poedecoder.com/essays/eureka/Silverman, Kenneth.Edgar A. Poe : Mournful and Never-Ending Rememberance.New York: HarperCol lins Publisher, 1991. Poe, Edgar Allan Encyclopedia Britannica (1998): n. pag.Online.Internet. 5 Apr. 1999 Available: search.eb.com/bol/topic?eu=62058sctn=2Womak, Martha Poe Scholar Precisely Poe. (1996): n. pag. Online.Internet. 1 Mar. 1999.Available: PreciselyPoe.comLevine, Stuart and Susan, editors. The Short Fiction of Edgar Allan Poe: An Annotated Edition.Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1990.

The Juvenile Justice Policy Essay Essay Example

The Juvenile Justice Policy Essay Essay This approach forces officials to either respond with harsh punishment or doing nothing at all. Eventually, the system is reformed and a greater amount of leniency takes effect. This continues until the final phase, as Juvenile crime continues, policies are enacted requiring severe punishment Meson Howard, 1998). In 1899 at the same time as the creation of the juvenile court, a separate legal process for Juveniles was created, Probation units emphasizing social casework, became Integral components of a rehabilitative Juvenile Justice system Which continued into the sasss. In the sasss the legal rights of juveniles were increased o include due process considerations such as the right to counsel and protection against self-incrimination Meson Howard, 1998). Around this same period of time, demonstrativenesss and decentralization were becoming considerations in exchange for a more rehabilitative model. The rehabilitative approach was . Adopted by all states between 1970 and 1985. T he model again began to change In 1985 with the Increase of violence, drug use and distribution, and high gang activity. Currently, the juvenile justice system is stressing punishment and control of juveniles Meson Howard, 1998). One question that needs to be addressed is that of why should Juveniles be treated any different than that of an adult committing a crime and what are the problems with these Ideas? There are eight possible Justifications. One is that the crime committed by a Juvenile Is less serious than one committed by an adult. Seriousness can be thought about . In terms of harm or damage; another Is to think about the implications of the act for the future behavior of the offender. It is common to think of adult crimes as more serious than Juvenile delinquencies on both counts Evidence points to the contrary and the seriousness of offenses does not increase with age (Hirsch Cottonseeds, 1993). A second Justification Is that adults are responsible for their acts, whereas juveniles are not. In other words, Juveniles Do not or cannot anticipate the consequences of their acts This can also be referred to as low self-control and if low self-control is grounds to excuse the offender, than it would be logical to excuse many adults of their crime based on low self-control (Hirsch Cottonseeds, 1993). A third Justification is that Juveniles are more moldable than an adult is, respond better to treatment, and have a better chance of being rehabilitated. Evidence has en found to the contrary and furthermore, Adults have a declining crime rate regardless AT treatment (Hollers Gastronome, 1 Fourth Justification is there is a separate class of offenses, called status offenses, which are only offenses because of the age of the offender. One could argue in the reverse, that alcohol is frequently related to criminal acts, but is legal for adults to consume. We will write a custom essay sample on The Juvenile Justice Policy Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Juvenile Justice Policy Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Juvenile Justice Policy Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another analogy to the Juvenile status offense of incorrigibility is the crime of resisting arrest by an adult (Hirsch Cottonseeds, 1993). A fifth Justification is that the Juvenile Justice system is that allows for the sealing f records so as not systematizing the offender and Jeopardizing their future. This creates a host of problematic issues. An offender could continue engaging in crime and a Judge would not know of past offenses, thereby possibly returning the offender to the streets. Also once a Juvenile reaches the age of majority, a clean slate is begun and is treated as a first time offender regardless of past offenses (Roth, 1997; Hirsch Cottonseeds, 1993). A sixth Justification is that Juveniles are unable to care for themselves and that the state has the responsibility to care for them. There are many adults who are unable o care for themselves and the welfare interest would not affect the care of Juveniles if extended to these adults (Hirsch Cottonseeds, 1993). A seventh Justification is that by providing a separate system, Juveniles are provided separate facilities, away from the negative influences of adult offenders. Prisons have often been considered schools for crime, a fallacy (Roth, 1997; Hirsch Cottonseeds, 1993). There is no evidence that the longer an offender serves increases the chance of recidivism. There is some evidence That Juvenile offenders are as corrupt as adults. The other argument of the physical danger posed to a Juvenile . Is also usually misguided, because classification by security (or assault) risk is already widely practiced (Hirsch Cottonseeds, 1993). The eighth Justification is the popular Justification of treatment versus punishment, as an excuse of leniency. This seems to become unpopular when the crime is one of a heinous nature. In this case frequently the public requests that adult standards should be applied (Hirsch Cottonseeds, 1993). To summarize the present philosophies underlying the Juvenile Justice system we examine three pervasive arguments. The first is that Juveniles are not as responsible for their actions as adults are and therefore should not be held to the same standards. There are numerous benefits to merging the Juvenile Justice system with the adult criminal Justice system. There would be an increase in savings and efficiency. In many Jurisdictions there is a duplication of staff and functions, From computer systems to personnel officers to auditors to receptionists; courtroom space and personnel could be used more efficiently if the two were merged; as well as imbibing probation and parole officers. Savings could also be possible in detention and correctional facilities, for example by using a wing of an adult facility for Juvenile offenders (Dawson, 1990). A merger of the systems would result in saving by eliminating transfer costs. Presently, if a Juvenile in the upper Juvenile age range comes in, the prosecutor has the option of trying the Juvenile as an adult. A petition for a motion to transfer must be filed, psychological and sociological studies conducted, and an adversarial hearing held before it can be presented too Juvenile Judge. If the two systems were to erg, then the need for a transfer mechanism would be abolished (Dawson, 1990). An offender who commits a crime the day before the age of majority may be treated, as a Juvenile if the transfer mechanism is not invoked. A merger would eliminate the differential treatment; the tendency of officials to want to set an example of the almost adult Juvenile; and the difficulty of knowing the offenders true age, which is often misrepresented in order to be handled in one system over the other (Hirsch Cottonseeds, 1993; Dawson, 1990). Merging the two systems would have the benefit of providing for continuity of revises. At present, Juvenile records are sealed so it is difficult to determine if the juvenile is headed toward serious problems. Furthermore, the Juvenile, upon reaching the age of majority, has a clean slate, regardless of past record. But, even if the record were disclosed, there would be a tendency to discount the information in making a decision when viewing the individual as an adult (Roth, 1997; Dawson 1990). What the models or approaches have neglected up to this point is the importance of the victim and the community, accountability of the offender, and competency development. So far there has been the debate between punishment versus treatment as options, but both have negative side effects and essentially ignore everything else. The need for retribution may be satisfied by punishment, but the offender can be negatively affected. Punishment can undermine self-restraint, stigmatize ten offender Ana creates problems AT adjustment, wanly encourages delinquency, to name a couple, but it also encourages offenders to focus on themselves, not the victim and their responsibility (Bizarre Washington, 1995). Treatment seems to focus solely on the offender, providing them with benefits and to asking for anything in return. Offenders generally do not hear that they have harmed anyone, that action should be taken to Repair damages or make amends, and must receive consequences As a result of the offense (Bizarre Washington, 1995). The results of these considerations are a new approach called The Balanced Approach by Maloney, Oromo, and Armstrong, 1988, cited in Bizarre Washington, 1995. This approach provides three goals directed toward three primary entities, the victim, the offender, and the community. The three goals Are: accountability, competency development, and community protection. A fourth goal can be added, that of balance to address each of the three goals by policy and programs (Bizarre Washington, 1995). The primary goal of accountability would require the offender to Make amends for their crimes by repaying or restoring losses to victims and the community. The goal of Competency development, the rehabilitative goal for intervention, requires that youth who enter the Juvenile Justice system should exit the system more able to become productive and responsible in the community. The promotion of. Promoting public safety and security at the lowest possible cost is achieved by the hired goal of community protection. The priority of retributive Justice was to punish Through an adversarial process, restorative Justice gives priority to repairing the damage or harm done to victims and the community through a process of victim involvement, community participation, mediation, and reparation. Traditionally, restorative Justice models were offender focused and program driven, but with the addition of balance, there is a general commitment to a Set of values, which in turn, prescribes goals and performance outcomes directed toward meeting the needs Of offender, victim, and community The priorities for practice underlying each of the goals in the balanced approach are: for accountability (or sanctioning) the practice of restitution, community service, victim offender mediation, and victim awareness education; for competency development (or rehabilitation), the practice of work experience, cognitive and decision-making skills training, and service/learning; and for community protection (or safety), the practice of community-based surveillance and sanctioning systems, school and neighborhood prevention and capacity building efforts, and alternative dispute resolution and mediation (Bizarre Washington, 1995). To summarize the present philosophy of maintaining a separate Juvenile Justice system from that of the adult, we focus on three arguments: One that Juveniles are less responsible for their behavior, than adults; two, Juveniles have a greater potential for rehabilitation; and three, avoiding inappropriate legal rules (Dawson, If we attribute crime to low self-control then All that is required is to reduce the crime problem to manageable proportions is to teach people early in life that they wall De netter TOT In ten long run IT teeny pay attention to ten eventual consequences AT heir current behavior (Hirsch Cottonseeds, 1993). A possible approach would be a system of graduated sanctions, whereby the offenders are matched to appropriate punishments and treatments based on history and needs of the individual. This approach keeps in mind the founding philosophy of the Juvenile Justice system and can adequately address the present day offenders by balancing rehabilitation and punishment Meson Howard, 1998). Possibly the best approach, though would be the Balanced Approach, whereby the goals of accountability, competency development, and community protection would be directed toward a restorative justice.