Six Easy Ways to Re-use Your Story Ideas

Six Easy Ways to Re-use Your Story Ideas If you believe all my published stories, Ive done everything from stitching on a shirt button to jumping off a cliff while tied to another human being. I may not have been born with such a multitude of talents as hitting the bulls-eye on a dart board, winning swimming competitions, and staging childrens theatre, but I have been blessed with a quirky imagination and a flair for language. These Ive put to good use 1. Vary the audience Target readers of different profiles, like teenagers, working mothers, or retired grandparents, 2. Vary the subject Target readers of different niche fields Character tries to learn a new skill encounters challenges - is offered help This template can work in nearly all scenarios, whether the skill is sailing a ship or baking a cake. Each new story thus created will fit with a magazine catering to that particular market, viz. sailors or bakers. Offshoots of this can be exploited, too. For example, 3. Vary the setting Mundane story lines can be enriched with the addition of uncommon locales and elaborate back-stories of each character. So even if the essential plot is good-boy-overcomes-scary-villain, a light-fantastic childrens setting can make it a Harry Potter, a complex interweave of fantasy worlds can turn it into a Lord of the Rings, an everyday urban setting in ye olde England can turn it into Richmal Cromptons William, and a science fiction setting can morph it into a Star Wars. Similarly, a different approach can turn a rags-to-riches story from an Oliver Twist into a Charlie and The Chocolate Factory. Revived tales from Aesops Fables, cultural mythlore, even the Bible can serve for inspiration. 4. Vary the region Tie in larger national journalistic stories to a smaller region 5. Vary the format Short story, essay, memoir, poem, cartoon, infographic, audio podcast, interview QA, blog post, bullet-point list you get the idea! Diversify your media. 6. Vary the frequency A newsy story about finding the right childcare is as valid two years from now as it is today. Evergreen stories, for example those around Christmas gift ideas or Independence Day celebrations, can be reprinted endlessly. Think fresh slant, timeless topics, and age-old problems. Recycling story ideas eliminates the effort required to start from scratch. As long as you steer away from plagiarism, it can be lucrative and a great re-turn on investment!

10 New Years Resolutions for College Students

10 New Years Resolutions for College Students While New Years Eve often brings a party, the new year itself often brings great hopes for change and growth. If youre a college student, the new year presents the perfect time to set some resolutions that can help make your academic year more positive, productive, and enjoyable.   Good New Years resolutions, of course, are not just those that address the things in your life youd like to change or improve upon; they also are realistic enough that youre more likely than not to stick with them. Get (a Specific Number) of Hours of  Sleep per Night Being specific about your goals for the new year; for example, get at least 6 hours of sleep a night instead of getting more sleep. Making your resolutions as specific as possible makes them more tangible and easier to achieve. And while college life is hard and often sleep deprived, making sure you get enough sleep each night is critical to your long-term success (and health!) in school. Get (a Specific Amount) of Exercise  Each Week ​While finding time to exercise in college- even for 30 minutes- can seem impossible for many students, its important to try to incorporate physical activity into your college life routine. After all, those little 30 minutes at the gym can give you more energy throughout the day (and week). Make sure your goal is specific, however; instead of go to the gym, make a resolution to work out for 30 minutes at least 4 times a week, join an intramural sports team, or work out 4 times a week with a work-out partner. Eat Healthier at Each Meal College life is notorious for its unhealthy food options: greasy dining hall food, bad delivery, ramen noodles, and pizza everywhere. Make a goal to add at least something healthy at each meal, like at least one serving of fruits or vegetables. Or cut out (or at least down) on your soda intake. Or switch to diet soda. Or cut down on your caffeine intake, for example, so that youll sleep better at night. No matter what you add or switch, doing little changes every time you eat can lead to big differences. Cut Down on Your Cocurricular Involvement Many students are involved in all kinds of clubs, activities, and teams that meet regularly on campus. And while this cocurricular involvement can be good, it also can be detrimental to your academics. If you need more time, are struggling in your classes, or just overall feel overwhelmed, consider cutting down on your cocurricular involvement. You might be surprised at how much better you feel with an extra hour or two a week. Try Something New or Step Out of Your Comfort Zone at Least Once per Month Chances are, there are things happening on your campus 24/7. And many of them are on topics or involve activities that youre not at all familiar with. Challenge yourself a little to try something totally new at least once a month. Attend a lecture on a topic you know nothing or very little about; go to a cultural event youve never heard of before; volunteer to help with a cause you know you should learn more about but just never looked into. You might be surprised at how much you enjoy yourself! Dont Use a Credit Card for Things You Want- Only Use It for Things You Need The last thing you want in college is to be saddled with credit card debt and the accompanying monthly payment youre required to make. Be very strict about your credit card use and only use it when its absolutely necessary for things you need. (For example, you need books for your classes. But you dont necessarily need- although you might want- those expensive new sneakers when the ones you have can last another few months.) Finish Your Papers at Least One Day in Advance This may sound completely unrealistic and idealistic, but if you look back at your time in school, when have you been the most stressed? Some of the highest-stress parts of the semester come when major papers and projects are due. And planning to do something the night before is, quite literally, planning to procrastinate. So why not plan instead to finish a little early so you can get some sleep, not be as stressed, and- most likely- turn in a better assignment? Volunteer at Least Once a Week Its super easy to get caught up in the little bubble that is your school. Stress over papers, the lack of sleep, and frustration with everything from friends to finances can quickly consume both your mind and spirit. Volunteering, on the other hand, offers you a chance to give back while also helping you keep things in perspective. Added bonus: Youll feel awesome afterward! Take a Leadership  Position on Campus Things may become a little too routine for you during your time in school (especially during the Sophomore Slump). You go to class, go to a few meetings, maybe work your on-campus job, and then ... do it all over again. Aiming for a leadership position, like being an RA or on the executive board of a club, can help challenge your brain in new and exciting ways. Spend Time With People Outside of Your College Friends Granted, this may need to be done electronically, but its important. Spend time Skyping with your best friend from high school; let yourself chat online with people who arent at your school; call your siblings every once in a while to check in and hear about things back home. While your college life may be all-consuming now, it will be over before you know it ... and the relationships youve kept with the non-college people in your life will be important once youre officially a college graduate.

Cultural Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cultural Nursing - Research Paper Example Since 1960s, leaders in nursing have continuously recognized the need for nursing schools to educate students on how to provide cultural care to the people. Educating graduates on transcultural care has enabled them sharpen their nursing skill which are needed in the society. The provision of care is not only limited to hospitals and health centers but requires nurses to be equipped with the knowhow to go to the villages to provide cultural care. The recruitment of graduates well trained with transcultural nursing skills significantly improved the services offered by the nurses to people with diverse cultural backgrounds. Many nurses worldwide have been trained to provide effective culturally harmonious care. The need for cultural care in the twenty-first century has increased the offering of courses in transcultural nursing both at the undergraduate and graduate level. Transcultural nursing has also been recognized and incorporated as a fundamental program element and accrediting ag encies are expected to be competent. A faculty has also been prepared under transcultural nursing with an aim of addressing cultural care issues. The application of the transcultural nursing research based knowledge is available today. ... Research in the entire world has demonstrated the appeal and applicability of the theory across various cultural backgrounds. Transcultural nursing has grown internationally and this is a clear indicator that the nurses are committed to including cultural care in their profession. They had embraced diversity unlike in the past when the concept of transcultural care was being introduced. (Luckmann, 1999, p. 57). Principles of transcultural nursing have been recognized in the entire world nowadays. The volatility and dynamism experienced in the past while addressing nursing care as citizens, educators, clinicians and researchers has changed. Transcultural nursing has opened an opportunity for people to engage, speak, debate, develop, grow, deliberate and contemplate on cultural issues and their diversities. The awareness on cultural care as a reasonable area of study has opened avenues for nurses to conduct research on cultural issues. Cultural aspects such as nursing, health, sickness and health care are being researched in different cultures. Transcultural nursing is made up of four main sections currently: Culture and health, mental health, globalization and cardiovascular health. When dealing with transcultural nursing, the impacts of migration, globalization, social inequity, colonization and health technology and management play a crucial role. Cultures keep on changing and thus there is a need for the nurses to invent knew ideas and methodologies on how to cope up with the cultural changes. Cultural care has forced the education sector to change its curriculum to cater for the new cultural beliefs and practices. It is only through this that

How has social media influenced Apple market Dissertation

How has social media influenced Apple market - Dissertation Example The emergence of the social media platforms has led to a dynamic shift in how people interact and build a communicative space for communication and information. The Internet is the basic infrastructure on which the social media platforms are based. In the initial stages, the internet guaranteed equal distribution and access and over time it has been further developed that enables data to be transported through ‘tethered applications’, or ‘applied services’ such as Apple’s iTunes to download songs or Facebook to channel social contacts (Dijck, 2012). While this may have been possible due to technological advancements, it has now expanded into the realm of the social and cultural spheres to the extent that these social platforms affect interactions and reciprocal relationships. Social media has been described as an online platform that facilitates content sharing, collaboration and interactions (Coyle, Smith and Platt, 2012). It is a platform where participants can freely send, receive and process content for use by others (Aula, 2010). Social networking applications also enable creating and managing digital expression of people’s relationship or links. As the social media has enhanced social interactions and relationships, it is also extensively been used by marketers as one of the platforms for marketing and promotion. As such it is used by companies to engage the customers. Companies such as Starbucks and CNN use it to build brand awareness and brand equity (Palmer & Koenig-Lewis, 2009). The number of Facebook users and Tweets has reached such a state that consumers and their virtual networks drive conversation, thereby posing challenge for businesses. Companies have become engaged and try to keep their customers engaged through the social media because they believe that if they do not do so, â€Å"they will be out of touch† (Baird & Parasnis, 2011). While many companies have started using the social media platform it is not known how many actually engage and how many have derived benefits from this platform. It is not possible for this study to evaluate the performance of several companies through the social media. Apple Inc is in the field of computer hardware, software and consumer electronics. Their electronic consumer products such as the iPhone, iPad and iPod have particularly changed the way people use the social media. Apple is one of the most valuable brands in the world and has been generating billion dollar revenue figures for over a decade (Statista, 2013). This study would focus

Managing Challenging Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Managing Challenging Behaviour Essay

Numeracy in primary schools Essay -- Economics

Numeracy in primary schools Numeracy is very important in primary schools today, with mental calculations being a central part of the mathematics curriculum. These mental methods of calculation should be encouraged from an early age, mathematics is used in our everyday lives without many of us realising; checking our change at the shops and leaving the house in order to arrive at school on time. It is advised that Numeracy lessons start with a 5-10 minute starter of oral or mental calculation work, working as a whole class to rehearse, sharpen and develop the children’s skills. Various ways can be used to sharpen these skills including counting in steps of different sizes, practising mental calculations and the rapid recall of number facts; this can be done through playing interactive number games ‘a number one less than a multiple of 5’ etc. Mental calculations are introduced to children in the autumn term of year 1 at a basic level of addition and subtraction. In key stage 2 these mental calculations have become more complex; children include multiplication and division according to the National Numeracy Strategy. However, these mental calculation strategies are not as straight forward as just asking the class a question in order to get a response, individualisation or ‘over-differentiation’ in the teaching of mental mathematics has been hailed as a major barrier to the effective learning. It is clear from this statement from Professor David Reynolds that individualisation is indeed an obstacle: â€Å"We’re clear about what went wrong. Methods of teaching introduced in the 70’s and 80’s, had deleterious effects on maths in particular. All the research agrees that the one thing that badly affects p... ...physical development it is up to teachers to help and differentiate class work to coincide with the children’s development. However an alternative to Piaget's’ view of cognitive development was provided by the Russian literary critic and psychologist Vygotsky. He distinguished between lower functions of human psychology like recognizing and sensation, and higher functions like thinking and understanding. According to Vygotsky ‘What a child can do in cooperation today, he can do alone tomorrow’. He talks about the Zone of Proximal Development, which is their level of actual development of their level of potential development, what they can do with help of an instructor. The ZPD is an indicator of the teachability of the child. Vygotsky suggested it gave a better measure of a child’s capacity than any test of current ability, such as an intelligence test. Numeracy in primary schools Essay -- Economics Numeracy in primary schools Numeracy is very important in primary schools today, with mental calculations being a central part of the mathematics curriculum. These mental methods of calculation should be encouraged from an early age, mathematics is used in our everyday lives without many of us realising; checking our change at the shops and leaving the house in order to arrive at school on time. It is advised that Numeracy lessons start with a 5-10 minute starter of oral or mental calculation work, working as a whole class to rehearse, sharpen and develop the children’s skills. Various ways can be used to sharpen these skills including counting in steps of different sizes, practising mental calculations and the rapid recall of number facts; this can be done through playing interactive number games ‘a number one less than a multiple of 5’ etc. Mental calculations are introduced to children in the autumn term of year 1 at a basic level of addition and subtraction. In key stage 2 these mental calculations have become more complex; children include multiplication and division according to the National Numeracy Strategy. However, these mental calculation strategies are not as straight forward as just asking the class a question in order to get a response, individualisation or ‘over-differentiation’ in the teaching of mental mathematics has been hailed as a major barrier to the effective learning. It is clear from this statement from Professor David Reynolds that individualisation is indeed an obstacle: â€Å"We’re clear about what went wrong. Methods of teaching introduced in the 70’s and 80’s, had deleterious effects on maths in particular. All the research agrees that the one thing that badly affects p... ...physical development it is up to teachers to help and differentiate class work to coincide with the children’s development. However an alternative to Piaget's’ view of cognitive development was provided by the Russian literary critic and psychologist Vygotsky. He distinguished between lower functions of human psychology like recognizing and sensation, and higher functions like thinking and understanding. According to Vygotsky ‘What a child can do in cooperation today, he can do alone tomorrow’. He talks about the Zone of Proximal Development, which is their level of actual development of their level of potential development, what they can do with help of an instructor. The ZPD is an indicator of the teachability of the child. Vygotsky suggested it gave a better measure of a child’s capacity than any test of current ability, such as an intelligence test.

Discuss the role and importance of the doctrine of judicial precedent in English legal system. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the doctrine?

Introduction The doctrine of judicial precedent is based upon the principle of stare decisis, which means the standing by of previous decisions. This means that when a particular point of law is decided in a case, all future cases containing the same facts and circumstances will be bound by that decision as signified in Donoghue v Stevenson[1] and Grant v Australian Knitting Mills.[2] Whilst the doctrine of judicial precedent helps to maintain the interests of justice, many have argued that it restricts the laws ability to keep abreast with the changes in society and that much restriction thereby exists.[3] Consequently, there are advantages and disadvantages to the doctrine of judicial precedent which will both be discussed in this study. This will be done by firstly considering the role and importance of the doctrine, followed by a review as to its advantages and disadvantages. Once the relevant information has been gathered an analysed, an appropriate conclusion will then be drawn. Role and Importance of the Doctrine of Judicial Precedent The doctrine of judicial precedent is a general principle of common law that is established in a case to help Courts decide upon similar issues in subsequent case law.[4] Judicial precedent is defined in the Oxford Dictionary of Law as a â€Å"judgement or decision of a Court used as an authority for reaching the same decision in subsequent cases.†[5] There are two different kinds of judicial precedent that exist which are; authoritative and persuasive. Authoritative precedent binds all lower Courts, whilst persuasive precedent does not actually have to be followed and is intended to merely persuade the Court into making a particular decision. It is necessary that Courts always follow the judicial precedent doctrine[6] so that any discrepancies’ can be avoided. This will provide greater certainty to the judicial system, which is vital in maintaining the interests of justice.[7] Not all agree that judicial precedent is that effective, however, and have instead argued tha t many of the principles are weak and outdated.[8] This is due to the fact that judicial precedent is ageless and so a decision that was made a long time ago by a Court of Appeal, for instance, will still have to be followed until â€Å"it is distinguished by another Court of Appeal or overturned by the Supreme Court.†[9] Judicial precedent’s that have been set by higher Courts will therefore be binding upon all lower Courts unless the same Court or the Supreme Court has overturned the previous decision as identified in Young v Bristol Aeroplane Co Ltd.[10] Therefore, whilst judicial precedent does have some drawbacks, it is still an important part of the judicial system and is necessary in the interests of justice. Advantages There are many advantages to the doctrine of judicial precedent with one of the main advantages being the ability to save time when making a decision on a case.[11] If a Court is already provided with an answer to a problem in which they face, it will not take as much time to reach a reasoned conclusion. This is because the Court will not be required to analyse the case and make a decision as they will already have the answer before them, which is a significant benefit within the judicial process. An example how effective judicial precedent can be is exemplified in the case of Hunter and Others v Canary Wharf Ltd and London Dockland Development Corporation.[12] Here, the Court did not have to form an original precedent was could merely apply a previously established principle to the issue at hand. Another advantage, which has already been mentioned, is the consistency between cases. This strengthens the system and is also likely to reduce crime since those who are aware of the conseq uences will be less likely to commit a criminal offence.[13] Greater fairness is also provided as cases with similar facts will be treated the same. This is of course unless there is some further fact which is material to the decision as the Court will then be capable of reaching a different conclusion.[14] The existence of a judicial precedent may also prevent a Court from making a mistake as guidance will be provided as to how a case ought to be dealt with. Therefore, a judge will be less likely to make a mistake when reaching a conclusion and a decision will be deemed to be a lot stronger. It will make it difficult for a Court’s decision to be contested as there will be case law in place that will back up the Courts decision as shown in Kadhim v Brent London Borough Council.[15] This is important in preserving the integrity of the justice system and maintaining Judges confidence.[16] Injustice will also be prevented as it would certainly be unjust for different outcomes to be reached in two cases with similar facts. This would be unfair and society would most likely lose confidence in the justice system. Judicial precedent also prevents judges from producing prejudicial decisions since a judge will often be bound to follow a previous decision even if he disagrees with it.[17] This is important in ensuring that the rulings of judges remain as consistent as is reasonably possible so as to prevent confusion and unfairness. Another advantage that exists is the ability to develop the law even further. Making law in decided case provides an opportunity for growth and legal development and ensures that the law is able to keep abreast with the continuous advances in society.[18] Courts are able to lay down legal rules and principles a lot quicker than Parliament and because there are constant societal and technological advances, it is necessary that new legal rules and principles can be established more conveniently. The doctrine of judicial precedent can also be flexible in that judges are able to make decisions on a case by case basis according to the individual facts and circumstances.[19] However, this flexibility is restricted by the judges obligations to follow previously decided cases. Because there is a centralised legal system, it is much easier for judges to follow.[20] This is especially so in the UK were there are only a small number of Courts. Arguably, there are many advantages to the doctrine of judicial precedent, yet is unclear whether these outweigh the disadvantages which will be discussed in the next section. Disadvantages Whilst there are many advantages to having a doctrine of judicial precedent in the, it often said that the doctrine introduces unnecessary restrictions into the law.[21] Because of the fast pace at which society advances, it is necessary for the law to keep abreast with any changes that are made. However, the existence of judicial precedent often prevents judges from developing legal doctrine in accordance with societal developments.[22] This demonstrates how the judicial system is somewhat outmoded as reliance upon date case law decisions will be made. This may not be appropriate in modern society and it seems as though further advancements may need to be made. This has a negative impact upon the role of judicial precedent and highlights the complexity of the system. This is because a certain area of the law may have developed over time, yet judicial decisions may not reflect the changes that have been made. Another disadvantage is that the volume of cases may result in too many precedents, causing confusion.[23] Because there are significant amount of case law decisions, it can be extremely difficult and time consuming to understand the law. It has also been put forward that judges may look for reasons not to follow a decision and therefore produce an illogical decision.[24] This can have dangerous consequences and is not what the doctrine intended. Judicial precedent may also cause injustice as the overruling of an earlier case may spark outrage if individuals have conducted their affairs in accordance with a decision.[25] This weakens the importance of the judicial precedent doctrine and seems to counteract its original objectives. Since the Human Rights Act 1998 was enacted, the doctrine of judicial precedent has in fact been weakened. This is because legal rules and principles must be read and given effect in a way that is compatible with the rights that are contained under the European Convention of Human Rights 1951. Any legal rules or principles that appear to conflict with such rights must therefore be amended to ensure adequate protections are being provided to individual human rights.[26] This has a significant impact upon the judicial precedent doctrine since lower courts may be able to overturn previous decisions if it can be shown that they are incompatible with the rights under Convention. As noted by Betten; â€Å"when confronted with the Convention, British judges will in many respects have to put themselves into a different interpretative frame of mind.†[27] This was recently exemplified by the case of Culnane v Morris & Anor[28] when Eady J had to consider the effect section 10 of the Def amation Act 1952 had upon the rights contained under the Convention. Under the judicial precedent doctrine the Court would have been required to follow the decision in Plummer v Charman.[29] However, because the decision in Plummer was incompatible with the Convention rights, Eady J was capable of side-stepping the decision. Therefore, it could be said that judicial precedent is not effective in cases concerning human rights. Subsequent to the enactment of the HRA, it therefore seems as though the judicial precedent doctrine is largely being undermined since the judiciary are no longer required to follow previous decisions if they are incompatible with the Convention. It could be said that the doctrine is no longer important since the Court in Miller v Bull[30] departed from the decision in Ahmed v Kennedy[31] regardless of the fact that the Ahmed decision was made subsequent to the HRA’s enactment. In has been suggested in view of these cases that a â€Å"gaping hole in the precedent wall†[32] exists as â€Å"new human rights points can be taken at whatever level they first arise, notwithstanding previous cases which would otherwise be binding.†[33] Consequently, it evident that judicial precedent will not always be followed if it can be shown a decision is incompatible with Convention rights. This has also been recognised by Zander who put forward that; â€Å"under the Human Rights Act 1998, the operation if the doctrine of precedent may be set aside.†[34] Therefore, Courts may be free not to follow the decisions of higher courts. This will only be applicable in cases concerning human rights and so the judicial precedent doctrine will still be upheld in the majority of instances. Furthermore, once a human rights issue has been recognised subsequent Courts will then be required to follow the position that has been taken. This re-instates the judicial precedent doctrine further and maintains consistency in the judicial system.[35] As identified by Fafinski and Finch; â€Å"section 2 of the HRA requires future courts to take into account any previous decisions of the ECHR.†[36] These decisions will not, however, be formally binding, though they will be highly persuasive. In effect, any human rights issues that have been dealt with will be subject to the precedent doctrine. In general, Courts will be required to follow any the jurisprudence of the ECHR, provides that it is clear and consistent yet â€Å"it should never be suggested that a court is bound by Strasbourg decisions.†[37] It could be said that the precedent doctrine was essentially put on hold when the HRA was enacted to enable the Courts to deal with human rights issues effectively. Howe ver, the doctrine is now being restored as human rights decisions are being made post HRA. Arguably, whilst the HRA had a significant impact upon the judicial understanding of judicial precedent the underlying features of the doctrine remain unchanged and it is only a matter of time before all human rights issues have been dealt with by the Courts and the doctrine is fully restored. Conclusion The doctrine of judicial precedent primarily assists Courts when making decisions via previously decided case law. This certifies that certainty and consistency is being provided within the judicial system and enables a speedier judicial process to be effectuated. Greater fairness also exists as cases with similar facts will be treated the same, which prevents any injustice from occurring. Legal rules and principles can also be developed under this process and a more flexible judicial system is established. On the other hand, there are many inherent drawbacks that exist under the doctrine, such as the unnecessary restrictions that are placed upon judges to follow previous decisions. This could prevent the law from keeping up-to-date with advances in society as many of the principles may be somewhat outmoded. Furthermore, it may also be time-consuming and difficult to understand the law as a result of the amount of cases that exist. Since the HRA was enacted, the doctrine of judicial precedent also appears to have been weakened, yet as new case law decisions are established, the doctrine will in fact be restored. This is essential given the importance of judicial precedence and although there are many disadvantages, these appear to be outweighed by the advantages. Bibliography Books C Duxbury. The Nature and Authority of Precedent, (Cambridge University Press, 2008). D Gray. Public Services, (Heinemann: London, 2004). E Reichert. Challenges in Human Rights, (Columbia University Press: London, 2007). J Ashcroft and J Ashcroft. Cengage Advantage Books: Law for Business, (Cengage Learning: United States, 2010). J Martin. Key Facts English Legal System, (Routledge: London, 2014) J O’Riordan. AS Law for AQA, (Heinemann: Oxford, 2002). L Betten. The Human Rights Act 1998: What it Means: The Incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights into the Legal Order of the UK, (Martinus Nijoff Publishers, 1999). M Charman. B Vanstone and L Sherratt. AS Law, (Routledge: Oxon, 2012). M Zander. The Law-Making Process, (6th edn, Cambridge University Press, 2004). P Plowden and K Kerrigan. Advocay and Human Rights: Using the Convention in Courts and Tribunals, (Routledge, 2002). S Fafinksi and E Finch. English Legal System, (2nd edn, Pearson Education, 2009). Oxford. Oxford Dictionary of Law, (6th edn OUP Oxford, 2006). Journals D Lock. ‘Public/Human Rights: Unconventional?’ (2009) 159 New Law Journal 1727, Issue 7397. Halsbury’s Laws of England., ‘Paragraph 21 Power to Determine Ambit of Own Authority’ Lexis Nexis. Halsbury’s Laws of England. Paragraph 1460, Human Rights. Lexis Nexis. J T Loughran. ‘Some Reflections on the Role of Judicial Precedent’ Fordham Law Review, Volume 22, Issue 1, 274-320. Sixth Form Law. ‘Advantages and Disadvantages of the Doctrine of Judicial Precedent’ [Accessed 27 April, 2014]. Cases Ahmed v Kennedy [2002] EWHC Civ 1793 Culnane v Morris & Anor [2006] EWHC 2438 Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Grant v Australian Knitting Mills [1936] AC 85 Hunter and Others v Canary Wharf Ltd and London Dockland Development Corporation [1997] UKHL 14 Kadhim v Brent London Borough Council Miller v Bull [2009] EWHC 2640 (QB) Plummer v Charman [1962] 1 WLR 1469 Young v Bristol Aeroplane Co Ltd [1944] KB 718 CA